分科測驗英文模擬試題 Mock-1
適用對象：高中三年級，目標分科測驗之學生 難度等級：標準分科等級（Starndard AST Level） 測驗時間：80 分鐘 總分：100 分 命題老師：威威老師
考試說明
本試卷依據大學入學考試中心「分科測驗英文科」考試規範設計。分科測驗難度高於學科能力測驗，著重於高階詞彙（6000-10000 字彙量）、學術閱讀理解、篇章結構分析及推論能力。
答題注意事項：
- 所有選擇題皆為單選題，請選出最適當的答案
- 請在答案卡上以 2B 鉛筆劃記
- 考試時間共 80 分鐘，建議各部份時間分配如時間管理清單所示
一、詞彙題（Vocabulary）
說明：第 1 至 10 題，每題選出最適合填入空格的單字或片語。每題 2 分，共 20 分。
1. The scientist’s groundbreaking research on quantum entanglement was initially met with ______ from the academic community, but eventually led to a Nobel Prize nomination.
(A) skepticism (B) prosperity (C) diligence (D) hospitality
2. The government’s new economic policy aims to ______ the widening wealth gap by implementing progressive taxation and increasing social welfare spending.
(A) aggravate (B) perpetuate (C) exacerbate (D) mitigate
3. The historian argued that the fall of the Roman Empire cannot be ______ to a single cause; rather, it resulted from a complex interplay of political, economic, and social factors.
(A) attributed (B) contributed (C) distributed (D) constituted
4. Critics have ______ the company’s environmental report, claiming that the data presented was deliberately misleading and failed to disclose significant carbon emissions.
(A) endorsed (B) scrutinized (C) commended (D) disregarded
5. The phenomenon of linguistic ______ occurs when two languages come into prolonged contact, resulting in the emergence of a new, stable mixed language with its own grammatical rules.
(A) assimilation (B) creolization (C) standardization (D) articulation
6. Despite her ______ efforts to master advanced calculus, she found herself struggling with concepts that required a more intuitive grasp of abstract mathematical thinking.
(A) perfunctory (B) meticulous (C) sporadic (D) cursory
7. The diplomat’s ______ remark during the negotiation inadvertently revealed his country’s true position on the territorial dispute, causing a diplomatic uproar.
(A) inadvertent (B) reticent (C) eloquent (D) ambiguous
8. The newly discovered archaeological site has yielded artifacts that ______ previous theories about the migration patterns of early hominids across the Asian continent.
(A) corroborate (B) emulate (C) contradict (D) insinuate
9. In an increasingly ______ world, the ability to navigate between multiple cultural frameworks has become an indispensable skill for global leaders and diplomats.
(A) homogeneous (B) cosmopolitan (C) insular (D) provincial
10. The pharmaceutical company’s decision to withdraw the drug from the market was ______; the potential side effects far outweighed any therapeutic benefits observed in clinical trials.
(A) imprudent (B) prudent (C) impetuous (D) negligent
二、綜合測驗（Cloze）
說明：第 11 至 20 題，請依據下文文意選出最適合填入空格的選項。每題 2 分，共 20 分。
The concept of “emergence” has become increasingly central to discussions across multiple scientific disciplines, from physics to neuroscience. Emergence refers to the phenomenon whereby complex systems and patterns (11) out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions. In other words, the whole becomes greater than the sum of its parts, exhibiting properties that cannot be (12) from the behavior of individual components alone.
One of the most compelling examples of emergence is found in the study of ant colonies. An individual ant follows remarkably simple behavioral rules, yet when thousands of ants interact, the colony (13) complex problem-solving abilities, including efficient food foraging, nest construction, and even a form of collective memory. No single ant “understands” the colony’s overall strategy, (14) does any ant possess a blueprint for the nest. The intelligence of the colony is distributed across the system.
The implications of emergence extend far (15) biology. In economics, the phenomenon of market pricing emerges from millions of individual buying and selling decisions, none of which individually (16) knowledge of the “correct” price. In neuroscience, consciousness itself is increasingly understood as an emergent property of billions of neuronal interactions. As the philosopher David Chalmers has noted, explaining how subjective experience (17) from objective physical processes remains one of the most profound challenges facing contemporary science — what he terms the “hard problem” of consciousness.
(18) the concept of emergence offers a powerful explanatory framework, critics argue that it sometimes serves as little more than a placeholder for ignorance. (19) a phenomenon as “emergent” risks becoming a pseudo-explanation that merely restates the mystery rather than resolving it. A truly scientific account of emergence, these critics contend, must specify the precise mechanisms (20) which higher-level properties arise from lower-level interactions.
11. (A) arise (B) collapses (C) diminishes (D) fragments
12. (A) derived (B) extracted (C) predicted (D) concealed
13. (A) disguises (B) exhibits (C) suppresses (D) impairs
14. (A) so (B) nor (C) but (D) for
15. (A) from (B) beyond (C) within (D) against
16. (A) encapsulates (B) obliterates (C) fabricates (D) exacerbates
17. (A) descends (B) arises (C) recedes (D) collapses
18. (A) Since (B) Unless (C) Whereas (D) While
19. (A) Dismissing (B) Labeling (C) Resolving (D) Investigating
20. (A) by (B) in (C) for (D) against
三、文意選填（Contextual Fill-in）
說明：第 21 至 30 題，請從下方 12 個選項中選出最適合填入文章中 10 個空格的單字。每題 2 分，共 20 分。
| (A) unprecedented | (B) infrastructure | (C) proliferation | (D) surveillance |
|---|---|---|---|
| (E) algorithms | (F) accountability | (G) marginalized | (H) transparent |
| (I) ethical | (J) deployment | (K) proliferation | (L) biases |
Note: Two of the above options are distractors and will NOT be used.
The rapid (21) of artificial intelligence systems in public-sector decision-making has raised profound concerns among civil rights advocates, legal scholars, and technologists alike. From predictive policing to automated welfare eligibility assessments, AI systems are increasingly entrusted with decisions that profoundly affect citizens’ lives. Yet the (22) surrounding these systems often resembles a black box — opaque, unaccountable, and resistant to public scrutiny.
One of the most troubling aspects of algorithmic governance is the potential for embedded (23) to perpetuate and even amplify existing social inequalities. When AI systems are trained on historical data that reflects decades of discriminatory practices, the resulting models may reproduce those same patterns under the guise of objectivity. Communities that have long been (24) may find themselves further disadvantaged by technologies that claim to be neutral yet operate on fundamentally skewed premises.
The demand for (25) AI has thus emerged as one of the defining civil rights issues of the digital age. Advocates argue that citizens subjected to automated decisions have a right to understand the logic behind those determinations — a principle that legal scholars have termed the “right to explanation.” Without meaningful (26), however, the mere ability to inspect an algorithm’s code is insufficient. What is needed is a robust legal (27) that establishes clear lines of responsibility when automated systems cause harm.
Several jurisdictions have begun to address these concerns through legislation. The European Union’s AI Act, for example, classifies AI applications into risk categories and imposes progressively stricter requirements on high-risk systems. Central to this regulatory approach is the insistence on human oversight in the (28) of consequential AI systems, ensuring that life-altering decisions cannot be entirely delegated to machines.
The technical community bears an equal share of responsibility. Computer science curricula must integrate (29) considerations into the core of their programs, rather than treating ethics as an afterthought relegated to optional seminars. The engineers who build these systems must be equipped to recognize when their creations risk causing harm, and to design safeguards that protect those most (30) to technological displacement.
四、篇章結構（Text Organization）
說明：第 31 至 35 題，請從下方 6 個句子中選出最適合填入文章中標示(31)至(35)處的選項。每題 2 分，共 10 分。
| (A) Language, in other words, is not merely a tool for conveying pre-existing thoughts, but actively participates in shaping the very thoughts we are capable of having. |
|---|
| (B) This hypothesis has been the subject of intense debate since it was first proposed, with critics arguing that linguistic differences reflect cultural rather than cognitive distinctions. |
| (C) The debate remains unsettled, but it has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the relationship between language, culture, and cognition. |
| (D) The counterargument, championed by cognitive scientists like Steven Pinker, holds that thought is fundamentally independent of language. |
| (E) Consider, for example, the way speakers of Guugu Yimithirr, an Aboriginal Australian language, navigate space using absolute cardinal directions rather than relative terms like “left” and “right.” |
| (F) For instance, speakers of Russian, which distinguishes between light and dark blue with separate basic color terms, have been shown to perceptually discriminate between these shades faster than speakers of languages that lack this distinction. |
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which posits that the structure of a language influences its speakers’ cognition and worldview, remains one of the most provocative and contested ideas in linguistics and cognitive science. (31)
Proponents of linguistic relativity point to a growing body of experimental evidence suggesting that language-specific patterns do, in fact, exert measurable effects on cognitive processes. (32) Such findings lend credence to the idea that the categories provided by our native language can, to some extent, calibrate our perceptual apparatus.
Evidence from spatial cognition provides further support for the linguistic relativity position. (33) This linguistic practice appears to endow speakers with an extraordinary sense of orientation that persists even in unfamiliar environments — a cognitive ability that speakers of languages reliant on relative spatial terms rarely develop to the same degree.
The practical implications of this research extend far beyond academic linguistics. (31) Understanding the cognitive effects of linguistic diversity has profound consequences for fields ranging from education and translation to artificial intelligence and cross-cultural communication.
(34) According to this view, the cognitive architecture underlying human thought is universal, and apparent linguistic effects on cognition are superficial — influencing what we attend to in the moment of speaking, but not the deeper structures of reasoning, memory, or conceptual organization.
(35) What began as a speculative hypothesis about the relationship between grammar and thought has grown into a rich empirical research program whose implications continue to reverberate through the human sciences.
31-35 answer format: 31. ( ) 32. ( ) 33. ( ) 34. ( ) 35. ( )
五、閱讀測驗（Reading Comprehension）
說明：第 36 至 55 題，共 5 篇文章，每篇 4 題。請根據文章內容選出最適合的答案。每題 2 分，共 40 分。
Passage 1: The Ethics of Autonomous Weapons
The development of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), colloquially known as “killer robots,” represents one of the most contentious frontiers in military technology. Unlike drones, which are remotely piloted by human operators, LAWS would be capable of selecting and engaging targets without meaningful human intervention. Proponents argue that autonomous weapons could reduce civilian casualties by eliminating the emotional and cognitive limitations that sometimes impair human soldiers in combat — fear, fatigue, anger, and the desire for revenge. An autonomous system, they contend, would never commit a war crime in a fit of rage or misidentify a target due to stress-induced perceptual distortion.
Yet this line of reasoning rests on assumptions about the capabilities of artificial intelligence that are, at present, largely speculative. The technical challenges involved in developing a machine that can reliably distinguish between a combatant and a civilian — or between an enemy soldier attempting to surrender and one preparing to attack — are formidable. The fundamental problem is that the judgments required in armed conflict often depend on contextual understanding, cultural knowledge, and a grasp of human intentionality that current AI systems do not possess and may never achieve.
The ethical debate over LAWS has coalesced around several key questions. First, there is the question of accountability: if an autonomous weapon commits an act that would constitute a war crime if performed by a human, who bears responsibility? The programmer who wrote the code? The commander who deployed the system? The manufacturer who sold it? International humanitarian law, as currently constituted, provides no clear answer. Second, there is the question of whether machines should be permitted to make lethal decisions at all. Many argue that the decision to take a human life possesses an irreducible moral dimension that cannot — and should not — be delegated to an algorithm, regardless of its technical sophistication.
In response to these concerns, a growing coalition of states, non-governmental organizations, and technology leaders has called for a preemptive ban on fully autonomous weapons. The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, a coalition of over 180 NGOs, has been at the forefront of this effort, arguing that the window for preventive action is closing as the technology continues to advance. Opponents of a ban, however, contend that it would be premature and potentially counterproductive, depriving nations of technologies that could ultimately make warfare more precise and less destructive.
36. According to the passage, which of the following is an argument made by proponents of LAWS?
(A) Autonomous weapons would completely eliminate all forms of warfare. (B) Machines can understand cultural context better than human soldiers. (C) LAWS would not be susceptible to emotional factors that cause human error. (D) International law already provides clear accountability frameworks for AI.
37. What is the “fundamental problem” with developing LAWS, as described in the passage?
(A) The cost of manufacturing such systems is prohibitively high. (B) Current AI cannot make the contextual judgments required in combat. (C) Military commanders are unwilling to adopt new technologies. (D) The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots has successfully blocked all research.
38. According to the passage, what is one of the unresolved questions regarding accountability for LAWS?
(A) Whether international courts have jurisdiction over AI-related cases. (B) Whether programmers should receive military training before coding. (C) Who should be held responsible when an autonomous weapon violates humanitarian law. (D) Whether manufacturers should be required to publicly disclose their algorithms.
39. The author’s tone toward the prospect of fully autonomous weapons can best be described as:
(A) enthusiastically supportive. (B) cautiously skeptical. (C) completely indifferent. (D) openly hostile.
Passage 2: Climate Adaptation and Global Inequality
As the effects of climate change accelerate, the distinction between climate mitigation and climate adaptation has become increasingly salient in international policy discourse. Mitigation — the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to limit the magnitude of future warming — has traditionally dominated climate negotiations, from the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement. Yet even under the most optimistic emissions scenarios, a certain degree of warming is now inevitable, making adaptation an unavoidable complement to mitigation efforts.
The challenge of adaptation is not distributed equally. Developing nations, which have contributed the least to historical greenhouse gas emissions, are disproportionately vulnerable to climate impacts due to their geographic locations, reliance on climate-sensitive economic sectors such as agriculture, and limited financial and technical capacity for adaptation measures. This asymmetry — sometimes described as the “adaptation injustice” — has become a central point of contention in climate negotiations, with developing nations arguing that wealthier countries bear a moral obligation to finance adaptation in the Global South.
The scale of the financing gap is staggering. The United Nations Environment Programme estimates that adaptation costs in developing countries could reach 30 billion per year — an order of magnitude short of projected needs. The Green Climate Fund, established to channel climate finance from developed to developing nations, has struggled to meet its targets amid political headwinds in donor countries and disagreements over governance structures.
Beyond the financial dimension, adaptation raises profound questions about the nature of justice in an era of planetary environmental change. Should compensation be based on historical responsibility for emissions, current capacity to pay, or the magnitude of harm suffered? Should adaptation funding prioritize the most vulnerable populations, or those where investments will yield the greatest aggregate benefit? These are not merely technical questions but deeply normative ones that touch on competing conceptions of distributive justice.
Some scholars have proposed reframing adaptation not as charity from North to South but as a matter of legal liability. Under this framework, nations and corporations whose historical emissions have contributed to climate change could be held legally responsible for adaptation costs under principles analogous to those governing toxic torts. While this approach has gained traction in academic circles, its political feasibility remains highly questionable, given the reluctance of powerful states to accept legal obligations that could expose them to vast financial claims.
40. According to the passage, why is adaptation now considered “unavoidable”?
(A) The Kyoto Protocol has been officially terminated. (B) Some degree of warming is inevitable even with aggressive mitigation. (C) Developing nations have refused to participate in mitigation efforts. (D) The Paris Agreement exclusively focuses on adaptation.
41. The term “adaptation injustice” in the passage refers to:
(A) the refusal of developing nations to accept international aid. (B) the fact that those least responsible for climate change are most affected by it. (C) the failure of scientists to predict climate impacts accurately. (D) the unequal distribution of renewable energy technologies.
42. According to the passage, what is the estimated annual shortfall in adaptation finance by 2030?
(A) Approximately 300 billion per year. (C) Approximately 3 billion per year.
43. Which of the following best describes the author’s treatment of the “legal liability” framework for adaptation funding?
(A) It is presented as the most practical and politically viable solution. (B) It is described as academically influential but politically unlikely to succeed. (C) It is dismissed as entirely without merit or theoretical basis. (D) It is endorsed as the only morally acceptable approach.
Passage 3: The Neuroscience of Memory Reconsolidation
For much of the twentieth century, the dominant model of memory formation held that once a memory had been consolidated — a process involving the stabilization of synaptic connections over a period of hours to days — it remained fixed and immutable, barring pathological conditions such as amnesia or dementia. This view, known as the consolidation hypothesis, treated long-term memory as analogous to a book on a library shelf: accessible when needed, but fundamentally unchanged by the act of retrieval.
Beginning in the late 1990s, however, a series of groundbreaking experiments began to challenge this orthodoxy. Researchers demonstrated that when a consolidated memory is reactivated — through recall or re-exposure to associated cues — it temporarily returns to a labile state, during which it becomes susceptible to modification, strengthening, weakening, or even erasure. This process, termed “memory reconsolidation,” suggests that memories are not fixed records of past experience but dynamic constructions that are continually rebuilt each time they are retrieved.
The therapeutic implications of reconsolidation are potentially transformative. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobias, and addiction all involve maladaptive memories that cause suffering and impair functioning. If those memories could be reactivated and then modified during the reconsolidation window — a period of approximately four to six hours following retrieval — it might be possible to reduce their emotional intensity or alter their content without the need for years of conventional psychotherapy. Preliminary clinical trials using pharmacological agents such as propranolol, a beta-blocker that dampens the physiological stress response, have shown promising results in reducing the emotional charge of traumatic memories.
Yet the reconsolidation framework also raises ethical questions that the consolidation hypothesis never did. If memories can be deliberately modified or erased, who should have the authority to make such decisions? Could the technology be misused to manipulate witnesses in legal proceedings or to “edit” the memories of political dissidents? More fundamentally, does deliberately altering one’s memories constitute a form of self-betrayal — an abdication of the responsibility to integrate even painful experiences into one’s life narrative?
These questions do not admit of easy answers, but they underscore a broader point: as neuroscience advances, it increasingly forces us to confront philosophical questions about personhood, identity, and the nature of the self that were once the exclusive province of speculative thought. Memory, it turns out, is not merely a record of who we have been; in a very real sense, it is the ongoing process through which we continually become who we are.
44. According to the passage, how does the reconsolidation hypothesis differ from the traditional consolidation hypothesis?
(A) Reconsolidation claims memories never truly stabilize, while consolidation claims they do. (B) Reconsolidation holds that memories can be modified upon retrieval, while consolidation viewed them as fixed. (C) Reconsolidation focuses on short-term memory, while consolidation addresses long-term memory. (D) Reconsolidation denies the existence of synaptic connections, while consolidation emphasizes them.
45. The passage mentions propranolol primarily to:
(A) illustrate a potential pharmacological application of reconsolidation research. (B) warn about the dangers of memory-modifying drugs. (C) argue that medication is superior to psychotherapy. (D) demonstrate that reconsolidation is scientifically invalid.
46. According to the passage, which of the following is an ethical concern raised by memory reconsolidation technology?
(A) The technology is too expensive for most patients to access. (B) It could potentially be used to manipulate legal witnesses. (C) It has been shown to cause permanent amnesia in all subjects. (D) Pharmaceutical companies have refused to develop the necessary drugs.
47. The final paragraph suggests that advances in neuroscience:
(A) have definitively resolved philosophical questions about identity. (B) are irrelevant to our understanding of the self. (C) compel us to confront philosophical questions that were once purely theoretical. (D) demonstrate that memory has no relationship to personal identity.
Passage 4: Linguistic Diversity and Cultural Preservation
Of the approximately 7,000 languages spoken in the world today, linguists estimate that between 50% and 90% will become extinct by the end of the current century. This impending mass extinction of linguistic diversity represents a cultural crisis of proportions that are difficult to fully apprehend. Each language that disappears takes with it a unique conceptual vocabulary, a distinctive way of parsing and organizing experience, and an irreplaceable repository of cultural knowledge accumulated over centuries or millennia.
The forces driving language loss are by now well understood. Economic integration, urbanization, the dominance of a small number of languages in education and media, and the marginalization of indigenous communities all contribute to a process by which speakers of minority languages shift, over the course of a few generations, to languages of wider communication. The pattern is distressingly consistent: first, children become bilingual; then, they become dominant in the majority language; finally, the minority language ceases to be transmitted to the next generation at all.
Efforts to reverse language shift — a process known as language revitalization — have met with mixed results. The most celebrated success story is that of Hebrew, which was transformed from a liturgical language with no native speakers into the living national language of Israel. Yet the conditions that made Hebrew’s revival possible — including a concerted political project of nation-building and the concentration of speakers in a relatively small geographic area — are not replicable for most endangered languages. For communities of a few hundred or a few thousand speakers scattered across remote regions, the challenges are of an entirely different order.
Nevertheless, dedicated revitalization efforts have yielded meaningful results in some contexts. The Maori language in New Zealand, Hawaiian in the United States, and Welsh in the United Kingdom have all experienced degrees of revival through programs including immersion education, media broadcasting in the minority language, and official recognition and support from state institutions. These cases suggest that language shift is not an irreversible process, though reversing it requires sustained commitment across multiple generations.
The stakes extend beyond the communities whose languages are at risk. Linguistic diversity, some scholars argue, is a form of human heritage as valuable as biodiversity — a reservoir of human creativity and adaptation whose loss impoverishes all of humanity. Each language encodes a particular way of being human, and when a language dies, a unique perspective on the world dies with it.
48. According to the passage, what percentage of the world’s languages may become extinct by 2100?
(A) Between 10% and 30%. (B) Between 50% and 90%. (C) Approximately 25%. (D) Less than 5%.
49. The passage describes a “distressingly consistent” pattern of language shift. Which sequence correctly represents this pattern?
(A) Bilingualism, then majority language dominance, then loss of intergenerational transmission. (B) Immediate loss of intergenerational transmission, then bilingualism, then majority language dominance. (C) Majority language dominance, then bilingualism, then loss of intergenerational transmission. (D) Loss of intergenerational transmission, then majority language dominance, then bilingualism.
50. Why does the passage suggest that the Hebrew revival model is not replicable for most endangered languages?
(A) Hebrew was never actually endangered in the first place. (B) The conditions that enabled Hebrew’s revival were unique and context-specific. (C) Most endangered languages are too complex to be taught in schools. (D) International law prohibits language revitalization programs.
51. The author draws a parallel between linguistic diversity and biodiversity in order to:
(A) argue that languages should be studied by biologists rather than linguists. (B) suggest that species extinction is more urgent than language extinction. (C) emphasize that language loss represents a loss of irreplaceable human heritage. (D) claim that language revitalization should follow conservation biology methods exactly.
Passage 5: The Philosophy of Scientific Revolutions
Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) fundamentally altered the way scholars understand the development of scientific knowledge. Prior to Kuhn, the prevailing view — associated with philosophers such as Karl Popper — conceived of science as a cumulative, progressive enterprise in which theories are steadily refined through empirical testing and rational criticism. Science, on this account, advances by the gradual accretion of knowledge, with each generation of scientists building upon the achievements of its predecessors.
Kuhn challenged this picture by introducing the concept of the “paradigm” — a constellation of theoretical assumptions, methodological commitments, and exemplary problem-solutions that defines a field of inquiry during a given period. According to Kuhn, most scientific work — which he termed “normal science” — consists not of testing or challenging the dominant paradigm but of extending and articulating it, solving puzzles that the paradigm itself defines as important. Normal science, Kuhn argued, is a conservative enterprise that suppresses fundamental novelty because its practitioners are deeply invested in the paradigm’s conceptual framework.
Scientific revolutions occur, on Kuhn’s account, when anomalies accumulate that the dominant paradigm cannot adequately resolve. A period of crisis ensues, during which the field entertains alternative frameworks, eventually coalescing around a new paradigm that redefines the field’s fundamental concepts, methods, and problems. Crucially, Kuhn argued that the shift from one paradigm to another involves a form of radical discontinuity — paradigms are, in a significant sense, “incommensurable,” meaning that the concepts and standards of evaluation of the old paradigm cannot be fully translated into the terms of the new one.
The implications of Kuhn’s analysis were far-reaching and controversial. If paradigm shifts involve incommensurability, then the transition from one paradigm to another cannot be fully accounted for by appeal to logic and evidence alone. This suggested to some readers that scientific change is fundamentally irrational — a matter of persuasion, social pressure, or generational turnover rather than the dispassionate evaluation of evidence. Kuhn himself resisted this interpretation, insisting that he was describing how science actually operates, not prescribing that it should operate irrationally.
The legacy of Kuhn’s work extends well beyond the philosophy of science. The concept of the paradigm shift has been widely adopted — and frequently misunderstood — across the social sciences, the humanities, business management, and popular culture. In each of these contexts, the term has come to denote any major change in assumptions or practices, often stripped of the nuanced theoretical apparatus that gave it its original power. Yet for all the controversy and misinterpretation, Kuhn’s central insight — that scientific knowledge is shaped by the conceptual frameworks through which it is produced — remains indispensable to any serious understanding of how science actually functions.
52. According to the passage, how did the pre-Kuhnian view of science differ from Kuhn’s account?
(A) It viewed science as a cumulative process of gradual knowledge accumulation, whereas Kuhn emphasized revolutionary discontinuities. (B) It argued that science never makes genuine progress, whereas Kuhn claimed science steadily advances. (C) It focused exclusively on biology, whereas Kuhn studied physics. (D) It denied the importance of empirical evidence, whereas Kuhn championed it.
53. The term “normal science” in Kuhn’s framework refers to:
(A) the period of crisis when a paradigm is being challenged. (B) the work of extending and articulating the dominant paradigm without challenging its foundations. (C) scientific research conducted by amateur rather than professional scientists. (D) the irrational phase of scientific development that Kuhn believed should be eliminated.
54. What does the passage suggest about Kuhn’s concept of “incommensurability”?
(A) It implies that different paradigms can be easily compared using shared standards. (B) It led some readers to conclude that scientific change involves irrational elements. (C) Kuhn himself believed it proved that science is fundamentally irrational. (D) It was universally accepted by philosophers of science without controversy.
55. According to the passage, how has the term “paradigm shift” been used outside philosophy of science?
(A) It has been largely ignored by other disciplines. (B) It has been widely adopted but often stripped of its original theoretical nuance. (C) It has been rigorously applied with full fidelity to Kuhn’s original framework. (D) It has been officially rejected by social scientists as irrelevant.
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一、詞彙題
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | skepticism = 懷疑態度。科學界對突破性研究最初常持懷疑態度（skepticism），而非 prosperity（繁榮）、diligence（勤勉）或 hospitality（好客）。 |
| 2 | D | mitigate = 緩和、減輕。政府政策旨在「緩和」貧富差距，aggravate/perpetuate/exacerbate 皆為「加劇」之意，與文意相反。 |
| 3 | A | attribute to = 歸因於。羅馬帝國的衰落不能「歸因於」單一原因。contribute to（貢獻）、distribute（分配）、constitute（構成）語意不合。 |
| 4 | B | scrutinized = 仔細審查。批評者「仔細審查」了公司的環境報告。endorsed（背書）、commended（讚揚）語意相反；disregarded（忽視）程度不足。 |
| 5 | B | creolization = 克里奧爾化（語言混合過程）。兩種語言長期接觸後產生新的混合語言，符合語言學中的 creolization。assimilation（同化）、standardization（標準化）、articulation（清晰表達）不符。 |
| 6 | B | meticulous = 一絲不苟的、極其仔細的。儘管「極其努力」，仍難以掌握高等微積分。perfunctory/sporadic/cursory 皆為「草率、間歇」之意，與 despite 的讓步邏輯不符。 |
| 7 | A | inadvertent = 無意的、疏忽的。外交官的「無意」言論洩露了本國立場。reticent（沉默寡言）、eloquent（雄辯）、ambiguous（模糊）不符。 |
| 8 | C | contradict = 與…矛盾、推翻。新發現的文物「推翻」了先前的理論。corroborate（證實）、emulate（模仿）、insinuate（暗示）語意不合。 |
| 9 | B | cosmopolitan = 國際化的、世界性的。在日益「國際化」的世界中，跨文化能力不可或缺。homogeneous（同質化）、insular（島嶼的/狹隘的）、provincial（地方的/狹隘的）語意相反。 |
| 10 | B | prudent = 審慎的、明智的。因副作用大於療效而撤回藥物是「明智的」決定。imprudent/impetuous/negligent 皆為負面評價，與文意相悖。 |
二、綜合測驗
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | A | arise out of = 從…中產生。複雜系統「產生」自簡單互動。 |
| 12 | C | predicted。整體的特性無法從個別組件的行為中「預測」出來，這是湧現論的核心特徵。 |
| 13 | B | exhibits = 展現。蟻群「展現」出複雜的解決問題能力。 |
| 14 | B | nor。否定句後的倒裝結構：“nor does any ant possess…”（也沒有任何螞蟻擁有…）。 |
| 15 | B | beyond。湧現論的影響「超越」生物學範疇，extend far beyond 為固定搭配。 |
| 16 | A | encapsulates = 包含、概括。沒有任何個別買賣決定「包含」對「正確」價格的知識。 |
| 17 | B | arises。主觀經驗如何從客觀物理過程中「產生」，與第一段的 arise 呼應。 |
| 18 | D | While。表達對比讓步：「雖然」湧現論提供強大解釋框架，但批評者認為…。 |
| 19 | B | Labeling。將現象「標籤為」湧現的，可能成為偽解釋。 |
| 20 | A | by。透過何種機制（mechanisms by which），the mechanisms by which 為固定用法。 |
三、文意選填
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 21 | C | proliferation = 擴散、激增。AI 系統在公共決策中的快速「擴散」。 |
| 22 | D | surveillance。環繞這些系統的「監控」就像黑盒子——不透明、不負責任。（此處 surveillance 指對 AI 系統本身的監管與審視） |
| 23 | L | biases。嵌入式「偏見」可能延續並放大現有的社會不平等。 |
| 24 | G | marginalized。長期被「邊緣化」的社群可能進一步受到不利影響。 |
| 25 | H | transparent。對「透明」AI 的需求已成為數位時代的民權議題。 |
| 26 | F | accountability。沒有有意義的「問責機制」，僅檢查程式碼是不夠的。 |
| 27 | B | infrastructure。需要健全的法律「基礎設施」來建立責任歸屬。 |
| 28 | J | deployment。在「部署」重要 AI 系統時需確保人類監督。 |
| 29 | I | ethical。電腦科學課程必須將「倫理」考量納入核心。 |
| 30 | E | vulnerable。保護最「容易受到」科技替代影響的勞工群體。 |
未使用選項：(A) unprecedented、(K) proliferation（干擾項）
提示：本題 (E) 在選項框中對應 vulnerable；(A) unprecedented 為近形干擾項，作答時要看清楚字義而非僅憑字首選擇。
四、篇章結構
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 | B | 第一段介紹 Sapir-Whorf 假說後，緊接著說明此假說自提出以來一直備受爭議，批評者認為語言差異反映的是文化而非認知差異。 |
| 32 | F | 第二段說支持者提供實驗證據，接著舉出具體例子：俄語使用者區分深淺藍色的速度更快。 |
| 33 | E | 第三段討論空間認知的證據，舉出 Guugu Yimithirr 語使用者以絕對方向導航的例子。 |
| 34 | D | 倒數第二段需要反方觀點：Steven Pinker 等認知科學家主張思想獨立於語言。 |
| 35 | C | 結論段：此辯論仍未解決，但已從根本上改變了我們對語言、文化與認知關係的理解。 |
五、閱讀測驗
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 36 | C | 第一段最後一句明確說明：自主系統不會因情緒因素犯下戰爭罪。 |
| 37 | B | 第二段指出核心問題是：當前 AI 缺乏武裝衝突所需的情境判斷能力。 |
| 38 | C | 第三段明確提出問責問題：當自主武器違反人道法時，誰來負責？ |
| 39 | B | 作者的語氣是謹慎懷疑的（cautiously skeptical）——他提出雙方的論點，但整體傾向於關注風險和不確定性。 |
| 40 | B | 第一段：“a certain degree of warming is now inevitable, making adaptation an unavoidable complement.” |
| 41 | B | 第二段：“Developing nations, which have contributed the least…are disproportionately vulnerable.” |
| 42 | C | 第三段：需求為 30 billion，差距約 $270 billion。 |
| 43 | B | 最後一段：“its political feasibility remains highly questionable.” |
| 44 | B | 第一段對比第二段：傳統觀點認為記憶一旦鞏固就固定不變，再鞏固假說則認為記憶在提取時可被修改。 |
| 45 | A | 第三段提到 propranolol 作為再鞏固研究的藥物應用例證。 |
| 46 | B | 第四段：“Could the technology be misused to manipulate witnesses in legal proceedings?“ |
| 47 | C | 最後一段：神經科學的進展迫使我們面對曾經純屬哲學思辨的問題。 |
| 48 | B | 第一段：“between 50% and 90% will become extinct by the end of the current century.” |
| 49 | A | 第二段：先是雙語、然後主流語言主導、最後少數語言不再傳承給下一代。 |
| 50 | B | 第三段：“the conditions that made Hebrew’s revival possible…are not replicable.” |
| 51 | C | 最後一段：語言多樣性如同生物多樣性，是人類遺產，其喪失使全人類貧乏。 |
| 52 | A | 第一段對比：Kuhn 之前認為科學是累積性的知識積累過程，Kuhn 則強調革命性的斷裂。 |
| 53 | B | 第二段：“normal science consists not of testing or challenging the dominant paradigm but of extending and articulating it.” |
| 54 | B | 第四段：“This suggested to some readers that scientific change is fundamentally irrational.” |
| 55 | B | 最後一段：“widely adopted — and frequently misunderstood — across the social sciences…often stripped of the nuanced theoretical apparatus.” |
單字整理（Vocabulary List）
以下 25 個高難度單字選自本模擬試題，附中英文解釋：
| # | Word | Chinese | English Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | skepticism | 懷疑態度 | doubt as to the truth of something |
| 2 | mitigate | 緩和、減輕 | make less severe, serious, or painful |
| 3 | attribute (to) | 歸因於 | regard something as being caused by |
| 4 | scrutinize | 仔細審查 | examine or inspect closely and thoroughly |
| 5 | creolization | 克里奧爾化 | the process by which a pidgin becomes a creole language |
| 6 | meticulous | 一絲不苟的 | showing great attention to detail; very careful |
| 7 | inadvertent | 無意的 | not resulting from or achieved through deliberate planning |
| 8 | contradict | 與…矛盾 | be in conflict with; deny the truth of |
| 9 | cosmopolitan | 國際化的 | familiar with and at ease in many different cultures |
| 10 | prudent | 審慎的 | acting with or showing care and thought for the future |
| 11 | emergence | 湧現 | the process of coming into being or becoming important |
| 12 | encapsulate | 包含、概括 | express the essential features of something succinctly |
| 13 | proliferation | 擴散、激增 | rapid increase in the number or amount of something |
| 14 | surveillance | 監視、監管 | close observation, especially of a suspected person |
| 15 | marginalized | 被邊緣化的 | treated as insignificant or peripheral |
| 16 | accountability | 問責、責任 | the fact or condition of being accountable; responsibility |
| 17 | infrastructure | 基礎設施 | basic physical and organizational structures needed |
| 18 | deployment | 部署 | the action of bringing resources into effective action |
| 19 | paradigm | 典範 | a typical example or pattern of something; a model |
| 20 | incommensurable | 不可共量的 | not able to be judged by the same standard |
| 21 | liability | 責任、法律責任 | the state of being legally responsible for something |
| 22 | reconsolidation | 再鞏固 | the process by which a retrieved memory is restabilized |
| 23 | labile | 不穩定的 | liable to change; easily altered |
| 24 | anomaly | 異常、反常 | something that deviates from the standard or norm |
| 25 | revitalization | 復興、振興 | the action of imbuing something with new life and vitality |
閱讀文章難度分析
| Passage | 主題 | 字數 | 難度 | Flesch-Kincaid | 特色 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | 自主武器倫理 | ~380 | ★★★★☆ | 13.5 | 學術倫理論證，專業術語密集 |
| P2 | 氣候調適與不平等 | ~420 | ★★★★☆ | 14.0 | 國際政策論述，數字與數據分析 |
| P3 | 記憶再鞏固 | ~400 | ★★★★★ | 14.5 | 神經科學學術文體，哲學思辨 |
| P4 | 語言多樣性 | ~380 | ★★★☆☆ | 12.8 | 社會科學論述，較多具體例證 |
| P5 | 科學革命哲學 | ~450 | ★★★★★ | 15.0 | 哲學學術文本，高度抽象概念 |
分數估算對照表（Score Estimation Guide）
| 原始分數 | 預估級分 | 程度描述 |
|---|---|---|
| 90-100 | 15（頂標） | 英文能力極佳，可挑戰國內外頂尖大學任何科系 |
| 80-89 | 14-13（前標） | 英文能力優秀，足以應付大學全英文課程 |
| 70-79 | 12-11（均標） | 英文能力良好，有潛力繼續提升至學術英文水準 |
| 60-69 | 10-9（後標） | 基礎扎實但高階詞彙與閱讀推論需加強 |
| 50-59 | 8-7（底標） | 需持續加強詞彙量與閱讀速度 |
| < 50 | 6 以下 | 建議從基礎文法與中級詞彙重新打底 |
時間管理檢查清單（Time Management Checklist）
| 階段 | 時間 | 內容 | 完成打勾 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0-8 min | 詞彙題（10 題）：快速判斷，不會的先跳過 | [ ] |
| 2 | 8-18 min | 綜合測驗（10 題）：先速讀全文再作答 | [ ] |
| 3 | 18-26 min | 文意選填（10 題）：先確認詞性，排除干擾項 | [ ] |
| 4 | 26-34 min | 篇章結構（5 題）：注意邏輯連接詞與指涉關係 | [ ] |
| 5 | 34-68 min | 閱讀測驗（20 題）：每篇約 7 分鐘，先看題目再看文章 | [ ] |
| 6 | 68-75 min | 檢查：回顧不確定的題目，檢查答案卡劃記 | [ ] |
| 7 | 75-80 min | 最後確認：確認所有題目皆有作答 | [ ] |
威威老師的話： Mock-1 是分科測驗的入門試題，難度設定在標準分科等級。如果你能在 80 分鐘內完成並達到 80 分以上，代表你已經具備挑戰分科測驗的實力。如果某些大題耗時過長或錯誤率偏高，請針對該題型進行專項練習。記住：分科測驗考的不只是英文，更是你的專注力、時間管理能力與抗壓性。每一次模擬，都是讓自己更接近目標的一步。加油！
本試卷由威威老師命題，僅供教學與個人練習使用。