分科測驗英文模擬試題 Mock-5（實戰模擬）
適用對象：所有參加分科測驗之考生，考前最終實戰演練 難度等級：實戰模擬（Exam-Simulation Level — 完全仿照歷屆分科測驗難度與風格） 測驗時間：80 分鐘 總分：100 分 命題老師：威威老師
考試說明
Mock-5 是五回模擬試題的最終回——實戰模擬版。本卷難度並非最高，而是最接近歷屆分科測驗的真實難度。題型分配、文章長度、選項誘答力的設計皆以近三年分科測驗為藍本，目的在於讓你在考前最後一刻體驗最真實的考試情境。
威威老師的最後叮嚀：
- 深呼吸，保持平常心
- 分科測驗考的是實力，不是運氣。你過去所有的努力都已經累積在你的大腦裡了
- 看完題目→相信直覺→不要反覆修改（研究顯示第一次的答案正確率最高）
- 時間不夠時：閱讀測驗先做有把握的文章，難的留到最後
- 任何情況下都不要空白——即使猜也有 25% 的機率
答題注意事項：
- 模擬真實考試環境：手機關機、計時 80 分鐘、中場不休息
- 答案卡使用 2B 鉛筆，一個蘿蔔一個坑
- 所有選擇題皆為單選
一、詞彙題（Vocabulary）
說明：第 1 至 10 題，每題選出最適合填入空格的單字或片語。本大題詞彙難度與歷屆分科測驗相當。每題 2 分，共 20 分。
1. The research team’s findings, published in a leading peer-reviewed journal, ______ the long-held assumption that the disease was primarily caused by genetic factors, pointing instead to environmental triggers as the decisive variable.
(A) reinforced (B) confirmed (C) corroborated (D) overturned
2. The young entrepreneur attributed her success not to exceptional talent but to ______ persistence — the willingness to continue working on problems long after more gifted competitors had given up.
(A) sporadic (B) intermittent (C) tenacious (D) fleeting
3. The historian argued that the rapid ______ of traditional manufacturing in the region was not an inevitable consequence of globalization but the result of specific policy choices that prioritized short-term efficiency over long-term resilience.
(A) resurgence (B) revival (C) decline (D) prosperity
4. The ambassador’s carefully ______ statement managed to express concern about human rights violations without directly accusing the host government, thereby preserving a diplomatic channel for future negotiations.
(A) inflammatory (B) provocative (C) calibrated (D) spontaneous
5. Critics argued that the proposed legislation, while well-intentioned, was fundamentally ______; its provisions were so vaguely worded that they would be impossible to enforce in practice.
(A) feasible (B) unworkable (C) pragmatic (D) expedient
6. The documentary filmmaker’s decision to include unverified allegations in the final cut severely ______ the credibility of what was otherwise a meticulously researched and compelling piece of investigative journalism.
(A) enhanced (B) bolstered (C) diminished (D) consolidated
7. The gap between the company’s public pledges of environmental responsibility and its actual business practices was so ______ that even its own shareholders began demanding greater transparency and independent auditing.
(A) negligible (B) inconspicuous (C) glaring (D) subtle
8. The psychologist emphasized that resilience is not an ______ trait — something you either have or you do not — but a set of cognitive and behavioral skills that can be cultivated through deliberate practice and reflection.
(A) acquired (B) innate (C) learned (D) malleable
9. The diplomatic breakthrough was achieved not through dramatic gestures but through months of ______, behind-the-scenes negotiation during which trust was gradually built and mutually acceptable compromises were painstakingly assembled.
(A) sporadic (B) intermittent (C) protracted (D) cursory
10. The literary scholar’s analysis ______ new light on a novel that had long been dismissed as minor work, demonstrating that beneath its apparently simple surface lay a sophisticated engagement with questions of empire, gender, and narrative authority.
(A) extinguished (B) obscured (C) cast (D) withdrew
二、綜合測驗（Cloze）
說明：第 11 至 20 題，請依據下文文意選出最適合填入空格的選項。每題 2 分，共 20 分。
The placebo effect — the phenomenon whereby a patient’s symptoms improve after receiving a treatment with no active therapeutic ingredient — has long been regarded as a nuisance in medical research: something to be controlled (11), not investigated in its own right. The standard randomized controlled trial, the gold standard of evidence-based medicine, is designed precisely to separate the specific effects of a treatment (12) the non-specific effects of the context in which it is administered, including the patient’s expectations, the doctor-patient relationship, and the rituals of medical care.
In recent decades, however, researchers have (13) to study the placebo effect as a phenomenon of genuine scientific interest, rather than merely a source of experimental noise. The results have been striking. Neuroimaging studies have shown that placebo analgesia — the reduction of pain following administration of an inert substance that patients believe to be a painkiller — is (14) by measurable changes in brain activity, including the release of endogenous opioids, the brain’s natural pain-relieving chemicals. The placebo effect, it turns out, has a neurobiological basis (15) we are only beginning to understand.
The implications of this research extend (16) the laboratory. If the context in which treatment is delivered — the quality of the doctor-patient relationship, the way information about risks and benefits is communicated, the physical environment of the clinic — can significantly influence clinical outcomes, then these factors (17) to be taken seriously as components of effective medical care, not dismissed as window dressing. The “art of medicine,” long regarded as a nice but scientifically irrelevant supplement to the “science of medicine,” may turn out to be scientifically (18) after all.
The placebo effect also raises profound ethical questions. Is it ever (19) for a physician to prescribe a treatment that works primarily through the placebo effect, knowing that its efficacy depends, in part, on the patient’s belief that it is pharmacologically active? What should patients be told about the role of expectations, rituals, and the therapeutic relationship in their own healing? These questions do not admit of simple answers, but they are becoming increasingly urgent as placebo research (20) the boundary between the biological and the psychological dimensions of healing.
11. (A) for (B) with (C) by (D) against
12. (A) against (B) into (C) from (D) toward
13. (A) ceased (B) refused (C) hesitated (D) begun
14. (A) accompanied (B) prevented (C) inhibited (D) suppressed
15. (A) what (B) that (C) where (D) when
16. (A) beyond (B) within (C) throughout (D) alongside
17. (A) refuse (B) neglect (C) deserve (D) avoid
18. (A) irrelevant (B) negligible (C) significant (D) trivial
19. (A) unethical (B) unjustifiable (C) permissible (D) prohibited
20. (A) reinforces (B) erodes (C) blurs (D) sharpens
三、文意選填（Contextual Fill-in）
說明：第 21 至 30 題，請從下方 12 個選項中選出最適合填入文章中 10 個空格的單字。每題 2 分，共 20 分。
| (A) unprecedented | (B) skepticism | (C) proliferation | (D) authentic |
|---|---|---|---|
| (E) synthetic | (F) implications | (G) indistinguishable | (H) detection |
| (I) malicious | (J) provenance | (K) verification | (L) literacy |
Note: Two of the above options are distractors and will NOT be used.
The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence has ushered in what many commentators are calling an era of “(21) media” — digital content, including text, images, audio, and video, that is produced or manipulated by AI with such sophistication that it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish from (22) human-created material. The (23) of cheap, accessible generative AI tools has placed capabilities once confined to specialized studios and well-resourced production houses into the hands of anyone with an internet connection.
The scale of this transformation is (24). Within the span of just a few years, AI-generated images have progressed from crude, easily identifiable fabrications to photorealistic renderings that are essentially (25) from authentic photographs to the untrained eye. AI-generated text, while still exhibiting distinctive patterns detectable by careful readers, has become sufficiently coherent and stylistically flexible to be deployed for purposes ranging from student essays and product reviews to political propaganda and financial fraud.
The social (26) of synthetic media are profound and multifaceted. On one hand, the technology offers genuine creative possibilities: democratizing access to high-quality visual and textual production, enabling new forms of artistic expression, and accelerating workflows in industries from marketing to entertainment. On the other hand, the potential for misuse is equally vast. Deepfake pornography, AI-generated disinformation campaigns, fabricated evidence in legal proceedings, and automated fraud at scale represent only a subset of the (27) applications that synthetic media technology makes possible.
The arms race between synthetic media generation and (28) technologies is intensifying. Researchers are developing increasingly sophisticated forensic tools capable of identifying subtle artifacts, statistical anomalies, and physical inconsistencies that distinguish AI-generated from human-created content. Yet the history of information security suggests that defensive measures are perpetually one step behind offensive capabilities, and there is no guarantee that detection technologies will keep pace with generation technologies.
Ultimately, the challenge posed by synthetic media may be less technological than epistemological: how can societies maintain shared standards of evidence and trust in an information environment where the (29) of any given piece of content is increasingly difficult to establish? The answer, many experts argue, lies not in any single technological fix but in a combination of approaches: improved media (30) education that equips citizens to critically evaluate the content they encounter, legal frameworks that establish accountability for harmful synthetic media, and institutional mechanisms for verifying the authenticity of particularly consequential content, such as evidence in legal proceedings or official government communications.
四、篇章結構（Text Organization）
說明：第 31 至 35 題，請從下方 6 個句子中選出最適合填入文章中標示(31)至(35)處的選項。每題 2 分，共 10 分。
| (A) The deep ecology movement, pioneered by Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess in the 1970s, pushed this line of reasoning to its logical conclusion. |
|---|
| (B) This anthropocentric framework — the view that nature derives its value from its usefulness to human beings — has dominated Western environmental thought for much of its history. |
| (C) The debate between anthropocentric and ecocentric environmental ethics is not merely a philosophical curiosity; it has direct practical consequences for how environmental problems are identified, prioritized, and addressed. |
| (D) A third perspective, sometimes called “pragmatic environmentalism,” attempts to bridge the gap between anthropocentric and ecocentric approaches. |
| (E) The counterposition, which philosophers call “ecocentrism” or “biocentrism,” holds that non-human entities — individual organisms, species, ecosystems, and perhaps the biosphere as a whole — possess intrinsic value independent of their usefulness to human beings. |
| (F) This position is often traced to the work of American naturalist and philosopher Aldo Leopold, whose “land ethic” expanded the boundaries of the moral community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals. |
The question of what, if anything, human beings owe to the non-human world has been a central preoccupation of environmental ethics since the field emerged as a distinct branch of philosophy in the 1970s. At stake is not merely a matter of policy — how much pollution to permit, which species to protect, what land to set aside as wilderness — but a deeper question about the scope of moral concern. Do we have obligations only to other human beings, or does the moral community extend beyond our own species?
(31) The preservation of nature, on this view, is justified by reference to the benefits it provides to human beings: clean air and water, resources for medicine and agriculture, aesthetic pleasure, recreational opportunities, and spiritual renewal. Even climate change, often framed as an existential threat to the planet itself, is discussed primarily in terms of the harm it will cause to human communities — flooded cities, failed harvests, displacement, and conflict.
(32) The ecocentric position does not deny that nature provides instrumental benefits to humanity, but it insists that nature’s value is not exhausted by those benefits. An old-growth forest has value that is not fully captured by calculating the market price of its timber, the carbon it sequesters, or the pharmaceutical compounds that might one day be derived from its biodiversity. Its value, ecocentrists argue, is intrinsic — it matters for its own sake.
(33) Leopold argued that “a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.” This formulation radically expands the circle of moral concern, treating ecosystems — not just individual organisms or species — as loci of value.
(34) Naess distinguished between the “shallow ecology” that characterizes most mainstream environmentalism — a reformist approach that seeks to mitigate environmental damage within the existing economic and political order — and the “deep ecology” that questions the fundamental assumptions of industrial civilization, including its commitment to economic growth, its instrumentalization of nature, and its conception of human flourishing in terms of material consumption.
(35) An anthropocentrist and an ecocentrist may agree that a particular forest should be protected, but they will disagree about why it should be protected and, consequently, about what considerations might override that protection. For the anthropocentrist, the forest’s protection is negotiable — contingent upon a cost-benefit analysis that weighs human interests against one another. For the ecocentrist, the forest’s destruction is not merely inexpedient but, in a meaningful sense, wrong — a violation of obligations that extend beyond the human community.
31-35 answer format: 31. ( ) 32. ( ) 33. ( ) 34. ( ) 35. ( )
五、閱讀測驗（Reading Comprehension）
說明：第 36 至 55 題，共 5 篇文章，每篇 4 題。本大題文章長度、難度及題型設計完全仿照歷屆分科測驗。每題 2 分，共 40 分。
Passage 1: Universal Basic Income — Promises and Pitfalls
The idea of a universal basic income (UBI) — a regular, unconditional cash payment provided to all citizens regardless of their employment status — has moved from the margins of political debate to the center of policy discussions in recent years. The resurgence of interest in UBI is driven by converging anxieties about technological unemployment, rising inequality, and the inadequacy of existing social safety nets. Proponents argue that UBI offers a simpler, more dignified, and more effective approach to social provision than the complex patchwork of means-tested benefits that characterize most welfare states.
The case for UBI rests on several distinct arguments. The first is economic: as automation and artificial intelligence transform labor markets, traditional employment may no longer serve as a reliable mechanism for distributing income across the population. A UBI would ensure that all citizens share in the prosperity generated by technological advances, rather than concentrating its benefits among the owners of capital. The second argument is social: UBI would provide a floor beneath which no citizen could fall, eliminating the most acute forms of poverty and the administrative apparatus of surveillance and conditionality that current welfare systems require. The third argument is liberal: by providing citizens with a basic level of economic independence, UBI would enhance their freedom to choose how to live — whether to pursue education, start a business, care for family members, or engage in creative or community work that the market does not adequately reward.
Critics of UBI advance several counterarguments. The most prominent concern is cost: providing every citizen with a meaningful income would require vast public expenditure, which would either necessitate large tax increases or displace other forms of public spending, including the very services — healthcare, education, infrastructure — on which citizens depend. A second concern is behavioral: if citizens receive income without any requirement to work, might many choose not to work at all, reducing economic output and eroding the tax base on which UBI itself depends? A third concern is political: UBI represents a radical departure from the contributory principles that have historically underpinned welfare states, and its adoption would require overcoming substantial political opposition from interests vested in the existing system.
The empirical evidence on UBI remains limited but suggestive. Several pilot programs — in Finland, Kenya, India, Canada, and the United States — have found that recipients of unconditional cash transfers do not, on average, reduce their working hours significantly; experience improvements in mental health and well-being; and use the money for basic necessities, education, and small business investments rather than “temptation goods” such as alcohol and tobacco. These findings challenge some of the more pessimistic behavioral assumptions of UBI critics, though the limited scale and duration of existing pilots means that their results cannot be straightforwardly extrapolated to a permanent, nationwide program.
The debate over UBI is, at bottom, a debate about what kind of society we want to live in. Is the primary purpose of economic activity to maximize aggregate output, or to ensure that all members of society can live dignified lives? Should social provision be conditional on demonstrated need and willingness to work, or should it be a right of citizenship? These questions are not susceptible to technical resolution; they require collective deliberation about values that are fundamentally political and moral in character.
36. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT presented as an argument in favor of UBI?
(A) It would ensure that all citizens share in the prosperity generated by technological advances. (B) It would eliminate acute poverty and the surveillance apparatus of current welfare systems. (C) It would enhance individual freedom by providing basic economic independence. (D) It would guarantee that everyone contributes equally to the tax base that funds public services.
37. The passage mentions pilot programs in Finland, Kenya, and other countries primarily to:
(A) prove definitively that UBI is the optimal policy for all societies. (B) suggest that empirical evidence challenges some pessimistic assumptions about UBI recipients’ behavior. (C) demonstrate that UBI has been a complete failure in every country where it has been tried. (D) argue that developing countries benefit more from UBI than developed countries.
38. According to the passage, what is one of the cost-related concerns about UBI?
(A) Providing every citizen with a meaningful income would require either large tax increases or cuts to other public services. (B) UBI would be so cheap to implement that governments would waste the surplus on unnecessary projects. (C) The cost of UBI would decrease over time as more people entered the workforce. (D) Administrative costs would be higher than current welfare systems due to the complexity of universal payments.
39. The author’s characterization of the UBI debate in the final paragraph suggests that:
(A) the debate can be resolved through technical economic analysis alone. (B) the debate ultimately rests on political and moral values rather than purely technical considerations. (C) UBI has been definitively proven to be superior to all alternatives. (D) further pilot programs are unnecessary because the evidence is already conclusive.
Passage 2: Social Media and Adolescent Mental Health
The relationship between social media use and adolescent mental health has become one of the most urgent public health questions of the digital age. The timing of the rise in adolescent mental health problems is striking: rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicide among teenagers, particularly teenage girls, began to rise sharply in the early 2010s — precisely the period during which smartphone ownership and social media use became near-universal among adolescents in developed countries. While correlation does not imply causation, the convergence of these trends has prompted intense scientific scrutiny and growing public concern.
The evidence linking social media to mental health deterioration comes from multiple sources. Longitudinal studies that track the same individuals over time have found that adolescents who spend more time on social media report subsequent increases in depressive symptoms and decreases in life satisfaction, while those who reduce their social media use show corresponding improvements. Experimental studies in which participants are randomly assigned to reduce or eliminate social media use for a period have generally found that those in the reduction group report improvements in well-being and reductions in anxiety. Meta-analyses aggregating results across dozens of studies consistently find small but statistically significant negative associations between social media use and mental health indicators.
The mechanisms through which social media may harm mental health are varied and mutually reinforcing. Social comparison — the tendency to compare one’s own life, appearance, and achievements with the curated and often misleading highlights of others’ lives — is a well-established driver of diminished self-esteem and increased depressive affect. Sleep disruption caused by late-night social media use interferes with the restorative processes essential for emotional regulation and cognitive function. Cyberbullying, which social media platforms have struggled to control, inflicts psychological damage that can be more severe than traditional bullying because of its persistence and reach. Perhaps most insidiously, the time spent on social media displaces activities — face-to-face social interaction, physical exercise, time in nature, unstructured play — that are protective of mental health.
Critics of the mental health narrative argue that the evidence is more equivocal than advocates of restriction acknowledge. Some studies find no significant relationship between social media use and mental health, and a few even find positive associations for some users under some circumstances. The relationship, on this view, is not uniformly negative but depends on how social media is used, by whom, and in what context. Adolescents who use social media actively — to maintain close friendships, to explore identities, to access supportive communities — may experience benefits that passive consumption does not provide.
The policy implications of this research are contested between those who emphasize parental responsibility and digital literacy education and those who argue for structural regulation of platform design. The evidence that certain platform features — infinite scroll, algorithmic content recommendation, public metrics of social approval — are specifically engineered to maximize engagement at the expense of user well-being has strengthened the case for regulatory intervention. Several jurisdictions have begun to explore or implement restrictions on social media access for minors, though the effectiveness and enforceability of such measures remain open questions.
40. According to the passage, the rise in adolescent mental health problems in the early 2010s coincided with:
(A) a global economic recession that affected all developed countries equally. (B) the period when smartphone ownership and social media use became nearly universal among teenagers. (C) the introduction of mandatory mental health screening in secondary schools. (D) a significant decrease in academic pressure and examination stress.
41. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a mechanism through which social media may harm mental health?
(A) Increased exposure to educational content that raises academic expectations unrealistically. (B) Sleep disruption caused by late-night social media use interfering with emotional regulation. (C) Physical damage to eyesight from prolonged exposure to smartphone screens. (D) The addictive properties of social media leading to financial problems from in-app purchases.
42. According to the passage, what do critics of the “mental health narrative” argue?
(A) Social media definitively causes mental illness in all adolescents regardless of usage patterns. (B) The relationship between social media and mental health depends on how, by whom, and in what context it is used. (C) All studies on social media and mental health are fraudulent and should be disregarded. (D) Mental health problems among adolescents have been declining, not increasing.
43. The passage suggests that certain platform features have “strengthened the case for regulatory intervention” because:
(A) they are too expensive for most social media companies to maintain profitably. (B) they are specifically engineered to maximize engagement at the expense of user well-being. (C) they have been shown to improve adolescent mental health in controlled experiments. (D) they were developed without input from adolescent users and their parents.
Passage 3: The Fermi Paradox and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
The Fermi Paradox — named for physicist Enrico Fermi, who is said to have asked, during a lunchtime conversation in 1950, “Where is everybody?” — refers to the apparent contradiction between the high probability that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe and the complete absence of any evidence for it. Given the vast number of stars in our galaxy that are older than the Sun, many of which are likely to host Earth-like planets, the Milky Way should, by probabilistic reasoning, be teeming with civilizations — some of which would be millions or billions of years more technologically advanced than our own. Yet we see no sign of them: no alien artifacts, no electromagnetic signals of unmistakably artificial origin, no evidence of large-scale astroengineering projects. The silence is deafening.
Explanations for the Fermi Paradox fall into several broad categories. The “rare Earth” hypothesis holds that the conditions required for the emergence of complex life are far more specific and improbable than optimistic estimates suggest. Perhaps the combination of planetary factors — a stable star, a habitable zone orbit, a large moon to stabilize axial tilt, plate tectonics to recycle carbon, a Jupiter-like gas giant to shield against asteroid impacts — that made Earth hospitable to complex life is vanishingly rare. A variant of this hypothesis, the “rare intelligence” hypothesis, accepts that microbial life may be common but argues that the evolution of technological intelligence is an evolutionary fluke, not an inevitable outcome of biological complexity.
A second category of explanation, sometimes called the “great filter,” proposes that there is a developmental stage through which all or nearly all civilizations fail to pass. The filter could lie in our past — the origin of life, the evolution of multicellularity, the emergence of intelligence — in which case we have already cleared it and may be among the first or only technological civilizations in the galaxy. Or the filter could lie ahead of us — self-destruction through nuclear war, environmental collapse, or artificial intelligence run amok — in which case the silence of the cosmos would be a grim portent of our own likely fate.
A third set of explanations, more speculative but philosophically intriguing, proposes that advanced civilizations are present but undetectable by our current methods. They may communicate using technologies — neutrino beams, gravitational waves, or something we have not yet imagined — that we cannot intercept. They may have retreated into virtual realities so compelling that physical exploration of the cosmos holds no interest. They may be observing us from a distance, adhering to a “zoo hypothesis” or “prime directive” that prohibits interference with less developed civilizations. Or, in the most unsettling version of this line of thought, they may have been present all along in forms — dark matter, quantum phenomena, the fabric of spacetime itself — that our conceptual categories are too primitive to recognize.
The Fermi paradox, whatever its ultimate resolution, serves as a humbling reminder of the limits of human knowledge. We search for signs of other minds in the cosmos using instruments and concepts forged by a species that has existed for a cosmic eyeblink, on a planet orbiting an unremarkable star in the outskirts of an ordinary galaxy. That we have not yet found what we are looking for may tell us less about the cosmos than about the narrowness of the windows through which we are capable of looking.
44. According to the passage, the Fermi Paradox refers to:
(A) the contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial life and the complete absence of evidence for it. (B) Fermi’s discovery that the speed of light imposes a fundamental limit on space exploration. (C) the paradox that Earth appears to be the only planet in the galaxy with liquid water. (D) the observation that all known civilizations eventually destroy themselves through technological development.
45. The “rare Earth” hypothesis, as described in the passage, holds that:
(A) Earth is the only planet in the universe, and all other astronomical objects are illusions. (B) the conditions required for complex life to emerge are far more specific and improbable than generally assumed. (C) intelligent life exists throughout the galaxy but deliberately avoids contact with humanity. (D) Earth was seeded with life by an ancient extraterrestrial civilization.
46. According to the passage, the “great filter” hypothesis suggests that:
(A) extraterrestrial civilizations use advanced filtration technology to hide their electromagnetic signatures. (B) there is a developmental stage through which all or nearly all civilizations fail to pass. (C) the cosmic background radiation filters out all evidence of extraterrestrial communication. (D) Earth’s atmosphere creates a natural filter that prevents alien signals from reaching the surface.
47. The author’s concluding reflection about “the narrowness of the windows through which we are capable of looking” suggests that:
(A) humanity’s failure to find extraterrestrial intelligence may reflect the limitations of our own perceptual and conceptual frameworks. (B) astronomical telescopes are physically too small to detect any form of extraterrestrial life. (C) the Fermi Paradox has been definitively resolved by recent astronomical discoveries. (D) intelligent life almost certainly does not exist anywhere else in the universe.
Passage 4: Food Systems and Planetary Boundaries
The global food system — the complex network of activities involved in producing, processing, distributing, consuming, and disposing of food — is simultaneously one of humanity’s greatest achievements and one of its most serious threats to planetary stability. The Green Revolution of the mid-twentieth century, which dramatically increased agricultural yields through high-yielding crop varieties, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation, lifted hundreds of millions of people out of hunger and undernourishment. Yet the environmental costs of this achievement are now becoming impossible to ignore.
The food system is responsible for approximately one-quarter to one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it a larger contributor to climate change than the entire transportation sector. Agriculture occupies roughly 40% of the Earth’s ice-free land surface and accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater withdrawals. The expansion of agricultural land is the primary driver of deforestation and biodiversity loss, threatening the integrity of ecosystems on which food production itself ultimately depends. The overuse of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers has disrupted global biogeochemical cycles, creating dead zones in coastal waters and contributing to air and water pollution that damages human health.
These impacts place the food system at the center of the “planetary boundaries” framework, which identifies nine Earth-system processes that must be kept within safe operating limits to avoid destabilizing the conditions that have allowed human civilization to flourish. The food system is a primary driver of breaches in at least four of these boundaries: climate change, biosphere integrity (biodiversity loss), land-system change, and biogeochemical flows. Any strategy for returning to within planetary boundaries must, therefore, include a fundamental transformation of how food is produced and consumed.
The pathways to a sustainable food system are increasingly well understood, though politically challenging to implement. They include shifts toward more plant-rich diets that reduce the resource intensity of food production; substantial reductions in food loss and waste, which currently accounts for roughly one-third of all food produced; the adoption of regenerative agricultural practices that rebuild soil health, sequester carbon, and enhance biodiversity; and technological innovations in areas such as precision agriculture, alternative proteins, and vertical farming. None of these strategies alone is sufficient; a sustainable food system will require progress on all fronts simultaneously.
The governance challenge is formidable. Food systems span multiple policy domains — agriculture, trade, health, environment, development — that are typically administered by separate government departments with competing objectives. The interests vested in the existing system — from agribusiness corporations to farmers dependent on current subsidies and market structures to consumers attached to familiar dietary patterns — create powerful resistance to change. Transforming the food system, like addressing climate change more broadly, requires overcoming collective action problems at local, national, and global scales. The difficulty is immense, but the alternative — continued degradation of the Earth systems on which food production depends — is not a viable option.
48. According to the passage, the food system is responsible for approximately what percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions?
(A) Less than 5%. (B) Between 10% and 15%. (C) Between 25% and 33%. (D) More than 50%.
49. The passage mentions “planetary boundaries” primarily to:
(A) argue that food production should be expanded to maximize economic growth. (B) illustrate how the food system contributes to breaches in multiple Earth-system processes that must be kept within limits. (C) suggest that climate change is the only environmental problem affected by the food system. (D) argue that all planetary boundaries have already been irreversibly breached.
50. According to the passage, which of the following is presented as a pathway to a more sustainable food system?
(A) Increasing the use of synthetic fertilizers to maximize crop yields. (B) Shifting toward more plant-rich diets to reduce the resource intensity of food production. (C) Expanding agricultural land into currently forested areas to increase production. (D) Eliminating all technological innovation in agriculture to return to pre-industrial methods.
51. The author’s characterization of the governance challenge surrounding food system transformation suggests that:
(A) governance is straightforward because all relevant parties agree on the necessary changes. (B) the challenge is formidable due to fragmented policy domains, vested interests, and collective action problems. (C) governance problems are irrelevant because technology alone can solve all food system sustainability problems. (D) the food system transformation has already been successfully achieved in most countries.
Passage 5: The Psychology of Moral Licensing
Moral licensing is a psychological phenomenon in which past moral behavior liberates individuals to engage in behavior that is morally questionable — as if a reserve of moral credit has been accumulated that can be spent on ethically dubious actions. A person who donates to charity may subsequently feel entitled to cheat on their taxes; a consumer who purchases environmentally friendly products may become less conscientious about recycling; an employer who implements a diversity initiative may become less vigilant about discriminatory practices in hiring. The mechanism, researchers suggest, operates through the inflation of moral self-regard: having demonstrated one’s virtue, one feels less need to continue demonstrating it.
The experimental evidence for moral licensing is robust. In a classic study, participants who were given the opportunity to disagree with sexist statements were subsequently more willing to express preference for a male over a female candidate for a stereotypically masculine job — as if having established their non-sexist credentials, they felt permitted to act on gender-based assumptions. In another study, participants who recalled their own past moral behavior allocated less money to charity in a subsequent decision task than those who recalled past immoral behavior. The latter group appeared to be engaging in “moral cleansing” — compensating for a perceived moral deficit through subsequent virtuous action.
The implications of moral licensing extend across multiple domains of social life. In consumer behavior, the purchase of “green” products can license environmentally harmful consumption in other areas — a phenomenon sometimes called the “licensing effect” in sustainable consumption research. In organizational contexts, diversity training and other pro-social initiatives can paradoxically reduce vigilance against discrimination by creating a sense that the organization has already addressed the problem. In political behavior, expressions of support for racial equality can license subsequent support for policies that disadvantage racial minorities.
The psychological mechanisms underlying moral licensing are debated. One prominent account emphasizes the role of moral self-concept: individuals are motivated to maintain a satisfactory moral self-image, and once that image has been secured through virtuous action, the motivation to continue acting virtuously diminishes. A complementary account focuses on the ambiguity of moral situations: most real-world moral decisions involve trade-offs among competing values, and moral licensing operates by shifting how those trade-offs are framed. Having established one’s environmental credentials by purchasing an electric vehicle, for example, one may frame a long-haul flight not as an environmental harm but as a well-deserved reward for one’s overall eco-conscious lifestyle.
Whether moral licensing is best understood as a cognitive bias to be corrected or as a rational response to the complexity of moral life remains an open question. The phenomenon is troubling insofar as it reveals the fragility of moral consistency — the ease with which virtuous self-concepts coexist with morally problematic behavior. Yet it also illuminates the psychological difficulty of sustained moral effort: being good is hard work, and the mind, it seems, is constantly seeking opportunities to rest.
52. According to the passage, moral licensing refers to:
(A) the legal requirement for certain professionals to obtain a license before practicing. (B) the phenomenon in which past moral behavior liberates individuals to engage in morally questionable behavior. (C) the process by which governments issue permits for ethical businesses to operate. (D) a therapeutic technique used to help people overcome guilt about past immoral actions.
53. The passage mentions “moral cleansing” as:
(A) a synonym for moral licensing that can be used interchangeably. (B) the opposite of moral licensing, involving compensating for a moral deficit through virtuous action. (C) a religious practice with no relevance to psychological research. (D) an outdated concept that has been replaced by more sophisticated theories.
54. According to the passage, how might diversity training paradoxically reduce vigilance against discrimination?
(A) By creating a sense that the organization has already addressed the problem, thereby licensing reduced attention to discriminatory practices. (B) By providing concrete skills that make discrimination impossible in practice. (C) By demonstrating that discrimination has no measurable effect on organizational outcomes. (D) By proving that all employees are equally biased, making further training unnecessary.
55. The author’s concluding reflections suggest that moral licensing reveals:
(A) that most people are fundamentally immoral and incapable of ethical behavior. (B) the fragility of moral consistency and the psychological difficulty of sustained moral effort. (C) that all moral behavior is illusory and has no real-world significance. (D) that moral licensing can be completely eliminated through proper education and training.
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一、詞彙題
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | D | overturned = 推翻。研究「推翻」了長期以來的假設。reinforced/confirmed/corroborated 皆為「加強、證實」，語意相反。 |
| 2 | C | tenacious = 堅持不懈的、頑強的。創業家歸功於「堅韌不拔的」毅力。sporadic/intermittent/fleeting 皆為「斷斷續續的、短暫的」。 |
| 3 | C | decline = 衰退。傳統製造業的快速「衰退」。resurgence/revival/prosperity 語意相反。 |
| 4 | C | calibrated = 經過精心調整的。大使「精心調整過」的聲明。inflammatory（煽動的）、provocative（挑釁的）、spontaneous（即興的）。 |
| 5 | B | unworkable = 不可行的。條文模糊到無法執行。feasible/pragmatic/expedient 語意相反。 |
| 6 | C | diminished = 減弱、損害。未經證實的指控「損害了」公信力。enhanced/bolstered/consolidated 語意相反。 |
| 7 | C | glaring = 明顯的、刺眼的。公司的環保承諾與實際做法間的差距如此「顯而易見」。negligible/inconspicuous/subtle 語意相反。 |
| 8 | B | innate = 天生的。韌性不是「天生的」特質，而是可以培養的技能。acquired/learned/malleable 語意相反。 |
| 9 | C | protracted = 曠日持久的、長期的。外交突破是透過數月「漫長的」談判達成。sporadic/intermittent/cursory 皆為「間歇的、草率的」。 |
| 10 | C | cast。cast new light on = 以新的角度來看待（為某事物提供新的見解）。extinguished/obscured/withdrew 語意相反。 |
二、綜合測驗
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | A | for。something to be controlled for（需要被控制的變項）。 |
| 12 | C | from。separate A from B（將 A 與 B 分開）。 |
| 13 | D | begun。近數十年來研究者「開始」認真研究安慰劑效應。 |
| 14 | A | accompanied。安慰劑止痛效應「伴隨」著腦部活動的可測量變化。 |
| 15 | B | that。關係代名詞引導子句修飾 neurobiological basis。 |
| 16 | A | beyond。研究的意義「超越」實驗室範圍。 |
| 17 | C | deserve。這些因素「值得」被認真對待。 |
| 18 | C | significant。醫療的藝術可能確實是科學上「重要的」。 |
| 19 | C | permissible。醫生開立主要透過安慰劑效應作用的治療是否「可被允許」？ |
| 20 | C | blurs。安慰劑研究「模糊」了生物與心理治療的界線。 |
三、文意選填
| 題號 | 答案 | 選項 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | E | synthetic | 「合成媒體」時代——AI 生成或操作的數位內容 |
| 22 | D | authentic | 區分「真偽」人類創作的內容 |
| 23 | C | proliferation | 廉價生成式 AI 工具的「激增」 |
| 24 | A | unprecedented | 轉變的規模是「前所未有的」 |
| 25 | G | indistinguishable | 與真實照片「無法區分」 |
| 26 | F | implications | 合成媒體的社會「影響」深遠而多元 |
| 27 | I | malicious | 「惡意的」應用——深偽色情、假資訊戰等 |
| 28 | H | detection | 合成媒體生成與「偵測」技術間的軍備競賽 |
| 29 | J | provenance | 任何內容的「來源」越來越難確定 |
| 30 | L | literacy | 媒體「素養」教育 |
未使用選項：(B) skepticism, (K) verification
四、篇章結構
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 | B | 承接第一段引出人類中心主義框架介紹。 |
| 32 | E | 對比立場：生態中心主義認為非人類實體具有內在價值，不僅僅對人類有用。 |
| 33 | F | 將生態中心主義追溯至 Aldo Leopold 的「土地倫理」。 |
| 34 | A | 將論述延伸至 Arne Naess 的深層生態學運動。 |
| 35 | C | 結論段開頭：人類中心與生態中心的辯論具有實際的政策影響。 |
五、閱讀測驗
| 題號 | 答案 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| 36 | D | 第二段列舉三個支持 UBI 的論點（經濟、社會、自由），D「保證每人為稅基做出同等貢獻」未提及。 |
| 37 | B | 第四段提到試點計畫的研究結果挑戰了對 UBI 接受者行為的一些悲觀假設。 |
| 38 | A | 第三段：“vast public expenditure, which would either necessitate large tax increases or displace other forms of public spending.” |
| 39 | B | 最後一段：UBI 辯論涉及「fundamentally political and moral in character」的價值判斷。 |
| 40 | B | 第一段：“the early 2010s — precisely the period during which smartphone ownership and social media use became near-universal.” |
| 41 | B | 第三段列舉機制，包含睡眠中斷。 |
| 42 | B | 第四段：“The relationship…depends on how social media is used, by whom, and in what context.” |
| 43 | B | 最後一段：平台功能被「specifically engineered to maximize engagement at the expense of user well-being。」 |
| 44 | A | 第一段定義。 |
| 45 | B | 第二段：“the conditions required for the emergence of complex life are far more specific and improbable than optimistic estimates suggest.” |
| 46 | B | 第三段：“a developmental stage through which all or nearly all civilizations fail to pass.” |
| 47 | A | 最後一段：我們未找到外星文明的訊息可能反映的是我們自身知覺與概念框架的限制。 |
| 48 | C | 第二段：“approximately one-quarter to one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions.” |
| 49 | B | 第三段說明食品系統如何導致多個行星邊界的突破。 |
| 50 | B | 第四段：“shifts toward more plant-rich diets.” |
| 51 | B | 最後一段說明治理挑戰：碎片化的政策領域、既得利益、集體行動問題。 |
| 52 | B | 第一段定義。 |
| 53 | B | 第二段：“moral cleansing” 是透過後續德行行動來補償感知到的道德赤字——與 moral licensing 相反。 |
| 54 | A | 第三段：多元化培訓可能矛盾地降低對歧視的警覺性，因為它創造了一種組織已處理此問題的錯覺。 |
| 55 | B | 最後一段：“it reveals the fragility of moral consistency — the ease with which virtuous self-concepts coexist with morally problematic behavior…the psychological difficulty of sustained moral effort.” |
單字整理（Vocabulary List）
以下 25 個高難度單字選自本模擬試題，附中英文解釋：
| # | Word | Chinese | English Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | overturn | 推翻、顛覆 | abolish, invalidate, or reverse a previous system, decision, or situation |
| 2 | tenacious | 堅持不懈的 | tending to keep a firm hold of something; persistent |
| 3 | calibrated | 經過調整的 | carefully assessed, set, or adjusted |
| 4 | unworkable | 不可行的 | not able to function or be carried out; impractical |
| 5 | glaring | 明顯的、刺眼的 | highly obvious or conspicuous |
| 6 | innate | 天生的 | inborn; natural rather than learned |
| 7 | protracted | 曠日持久的 | lasting for a long time or longer than expected |
| 8 | cast light on | 闡明、揭示 | help to explain or clarify something |
| 9 | placebo | 安慰劑 | a substance with no therapeutic effect used as a control in testing new drugs |
| 10 | endogenous | 內源性的 | having an internal cause or origin |
| 11 | synthetic | 合成的 | made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product |
| 12 | authentic | 真實的 | of undisputed origin; genuine |
| 13 | proliferation | 激增、擴散 | rapid increase in the number or amount of something |
| 14 | unprecedented | 前所未有的 | never done or known before |
| 15 | indistinguishable | 無法區分的 | not able to be identified as different or distinct |
| 16 | provenance | 來源、出處 | the place of origin or earliest known history of something |
| 17 | anthropocentric | 人類中心主義的 | regarding humankind as the central or most important element of existence |
| 18 | ecocentrism | 生態中心主義 | a philosophy that values ecosystems and the natural world for their own sake |
| 19 | intrinsic value | 內在價值 | the value that something has in itself, independent of its usefulness |
| 20 | Fermi Paradox | 費米悖論 | the apparent contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial life and the lack of evidence |
| 21 | astroengineering | 太空工程 | engineering on an astronomical scale, such as constructing Dyson spheres |
| 22 | biogeochemical | 生物地球化學的 | relating to the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes that govern the natural environment |
| 23 | regenerative agriculture | 再生農業 | farming practices that reverse climate change by rebuilding soil organic matter and restoring degraded soil biodiversity |
| 24 | moral licensing | 道德許可 | the phenomenon where past moral behavior makes people more likely to do potentially immoral things |
| 25 | conditional cash transfer | 有條件現金轉移 | programs that give cash payments to poor households conditional on specific behaviors |
閱讀文章難度分析
| Passage | 主題 | 字數 | 難度 | Flesch-Kincaid | 特色 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | 全民基本收入 | ~470 | ★★★★☆ | 14.2 | 政策分析文體，論證正反平衡，與歷屆考題風格最接近 |
| P2 | 社群媒體與青少年心理健康 | ~460 | ★★★☆☆ | 13.5 | 公共衛生研究文體，方法論意識明確 |
| P3 | 費米悖論與外星搜尋 | ~480 | ★★★★☆ | 14.5 | 天文物理與哲學，想像力與邏輯並重 |
| P4 | 食品系統與行星邊界 | ~470 | ★★★★☆ | 14.0 | 跨領域環境科學，系統性分析思維 |
| P5 | 道德許可心理學 | ~450 | ★★★★☆ | 13.8 | 社會心理學，與日常生活連結緊密 |
分數估算對照表（Score Estimation Guide）
| 原始分數 | 預估級分 | 程度描述 |
|---|---|---|
| 88-100 | 15（頂標） | 分科測驗可穩拿頂標，英文實力已臻成熟 |
| 78-87 | 14-13（前標） | 實力優秀，臨場穩定發揮即可拿到理想成績 |
| 68-77 | 12-11（均標） | 實力紮實，考前針對弱點加強即可突破 |
| 58-67 | 10-9（後標） | 詞彙量或閱讀速度需再加強 |
| 48-57 | 8-7（底標） | 基礎尚待鞏固，建議複習 Mock-1/2 重點 |
| < 48 | 6 以下 | 考前時間緊迫，優先鞏固詞彙與文法基礎 |
時間管理檢查清單（Time Management Checklist）
| 階段 | 時間 | 內容 | 完成打勾 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0-7 min | 詞彙題（10 題）：快速篩選，30 秒內沒答案的立刻標記跳過 | [ ] |
| 2 | 7-17 min | 綜合測驗（10 題）：快速閱讀全文→作答→不確定的先猜後標記 | [ ] |
| 3 | 17-25 min | 文意選填（10 題）：先掃選項確認所有詞性→逐一填入→驗證干擾項 | [ ] |
| 4 | 25-33 min | 篇章結構（5 題）：先讀完整文章了解邏輯流向→再逐一填入 | [ ] |
| 5 | 33-68 min | 閱讀測驗（20 題）：每篇 7 分鐘→先做擅長主題→難的留後 | [ ] |
| 6 | 68-75 min | 檢查與補漏：回顧標記題目，確認答案卡無漏填 | [ ] |
| 7 | 75-80 min | 最後深呼吸：全部檢查一遍，放鬆心情等待收卷 | [ ] |
威威老師的最終叮嚀：
五回模擬試題完成了。從 Mock-1 到 Mock-5，如果你一路堅持到現在，我要先恭喜你——你已經展現了分科測驗所需要的毅力與紀律。
回顧這段旅程：Mock-1 和 Mock-2 幫你建立了分科測驗的基本盤；Mock-3 和 Mock-4 把你的能力推向更高的層次；Mock-5 讓你在最接近真實考試的情境中完成最後演練。
現在，請你花一點時間，看看這五回試卷中你反覆出現的錯誤模式。是詞彙題總是錯在特定詞性的單字嗎？是閱讀測驗的推論題特別容易出錯嗎？是時間管理導致後半段的題目品質下降嗎？找到你的弱點，然後在考前的最後幾天集中火力解決它。
分科測驗是一場考試，但你的英文能力遠遠不止於考試。無論結果如何，你在準備過程中培養的閱讀能力、邏輯思維和持續學習的習慣，都將成為你一生受用的資產。
深呼吸，相信你自己。走進考場的那一刻，你已經準備好了。
威威老師在這裡，為你加油。
本試卷由威威老師命題，僅供教學與個人練習使用。
附錄：五回模擬試題總覽
| Mock | 難度 | 詞彙量 | 特色 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mock-1 | 標準 | 6000-8000 | 入門分科，建立題型熟悉度 |
| Mock-2 | 標準 | 6000-8000 | 當代議題導向，學術閱讀入門 |
| Mock-3 | 挑戰級 | 8000-10000 | 高密度學術文本，深度推論訓練 |
| Mock-4 | 挑戰級 | 8000-10000 | 跨學科哲學論證，思維強度最大化 |
| Mock-5 | 實戰模擬 | 6000-8000 | 完全仿照歷屆難度，考前最終演練 |
建議使用順序：
- Mock-1、Mock-2：建立基礎（若已熟悉分科題型可跳過）
- Mock-3、Mock-4：能力提升（重點訓練閱讀深度與推論力）
- Mock-5：實戰模擬（考前 1-2 天進行，感受真實考試節奏）
模擬試題全系列命題完成。祝所有考生在分科測驗中發揮出色，金榜題名！