威威老師的閱讀教室:句子解碼 (Sentence Decoding)
Section 1:為什麼要學句子分析?
閱讀理解的第一步:看懂每個句子
很多同學拿到一篇英文文章,每個單字都查了,卻還是看不懂整句話在說什麼。為什麼?因為閱讀不是「認單字比賽」,而是理解句子結構的過程。
想像你在組裝 IKEA 家具:
- 單字 = 零件
- 句子結構 = 組裝說明書
如果你不看說明書,零件再多也組不出家具。同理,單字背再多,不會分析句子結構,閱讀理解就永遠卡關。
英文句子有固定結構,學會拆解就不怕長句
英文句子的核心公式:
Subject(主詞)+ Verb(動詞)+ Object / Complement(受詞/補語)
所有長句都是在這個骨架上「加裝飾品」(修飾語)。只要你能:
- 找到骨架(S + V + O/C)
- 拆掉裝飾品(修飾語)
再長的句子都能看懂!
威威老師的心法
讀長句的時候,先「瘦身」——把所有修飾語拿掉,只看 S+V+O,掌握核心意思,再把修飾語加回來理解細節。
Section 2:找主詞和動詞 (Find S + V)
三步拆句法
Step 1:找動詞 (Find the Verb)
為什麼先找動詞?因為英文一個子句 (clause) 只有一個主要動詞。找到動詞,等於找到句子的心臟。
怎麼找動詞?
- 找表示動作或狀態的字:run, eat, is, seem, have…
- 注意:be 動詞 (am/is/are/was/were) 也是動詞!
- -ed / -ing / -s 結尾的字可能是動詞
小心陷阱:
- V-ing 當名詞用:Swimming is fun.( Swimming 是主詞,is 是動詞)
- to V 不定詞:I want to go.(want 是主要動詞,to go 是受詞)
- 助動詞 + 原形 V:can / will / should / must + V 算一組
Step 2:找主詞 (Find the Subject)
找到動詞後,往前找:
- 動詞前面的名詞或代名詞通常是主詞
- 注意:主詞可能在動詞很前面(中間夾了修飾語)
Step 3:看動詞後面有什麼 (What Comes After the Verb?)
- 及物動詞 (Transitive Verb) → 後面有受詞 (Object)
- I love
pizza.
- I love
- 不及物動詞 (Intransitive Verb) → 後面沒有受詞
- He sleeps.
- 連綴動詞 (Linking Verb) → 後面有補語 (Complement)
- She is
beautiful.
- She is
10 個句子逐步拆解示範
範例 1
The cat sleeps on the sofa.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | sleeps |
| 找主詞 | The cat |
| 動詞後面 | on the sofa(介系詞片語,不是受詞) |
| 結構 | S + V |
| 翻譯 | 貓睡在沙發上。 |
範例 2
My sister bought a new bicycle yesterday.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | bought |
| 找主詞 | My sister |
| 動詞後面 | a new bicycle(受詞) |
| 結構 | S + V + O |
| 翻譯 | 我姊姊昨天買了一台新腳踏車。 |
範例 3
The students in the library are studying for the exam.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | are studying |
| 找主詞 | The students(in the library 是修飾語) |
| 動詞後面 | for the exam(介系詞片語) |
| 結構 | S + V |
| 翻譯 | 圖書館裡的學生正在為考試讀書。 |
範例 4
The tall boy wearing a red hat gave me a present.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | gave |
| 找主詞 | The tall boy(wearing a red hat 是修飾語) |
| 動詞後面 | me(間接受詞)+ a present(直接受詞) |
| 結構 | S + V + IO + DO |
| 翻譯 | 戴著紅帽子的高個子男孩給了我一份禮物。 |
範例 5
The soup smells delicious.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | smells(連綴動詞) |
| 找主詞 | The soup |
| 動詞後面 | delicious(主詞補語) |
| 結構 | S + V + C |
| 翻譯 | 這湯聞起來很好喝。 |
範例 6
We elected him class president.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | elected |
| 找主詞 | We |
| 動詞後面 | him(受詞)+ class president(受詞補語) |
| 結構 | S + V + O + OC |
| 翻譯 | 我們選他當班長。 |
範例 7
Running every morning keeps you healthy.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | keeps |
| 找主詞 | Running every morning(動名詞片語當主詞) |
| 動詞後面 | you(受詞)+ healthy(受詞補語) |
| 結構 | S + V + O + OC |
| 翻譯 | 每天早上跑步讓你保持健康。 |
範例 8
The book that I borrowed from the library is due tomorrow.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | is(主要動詞) |
| 找主詞 | The book(that I borrowed from the library 是形容詞子句修飾 book) |
| 動詞後面 | due tomorrow(補語) |
| 結構 | S + V + C |
| 翻譯 | 我從圖書館借的那本書明天到期。 |
範例 9
She has been working at the hospital since 2020.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | has been working(現在完成進行式) |
| 找主詞 | She |
| 動詞後面 | at the hospital(介系詞片語) |
| 結構 | S + V |
| 翻譯 | 她從 2020 年起就在那家醫院工作。 |
範例 10
To learn a new language requires patience and practice.
| 步驟 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 找動詞 | requires |
| 找主詞 | To learn a new language(不定詞片語當主詞) |
| 動詞後面 | patience and practice(受詞) |
| 結構 | S + V + O |
| 翻譯 | 學習一個新語言需要耐心和練習。 |
Section 3:修飾語辨識 (Identifying Modifiers)
修飾語就是句子的「裝飾品」——它們提供額外資訊,但不是句子的核心骨架。學會辨識修飾語,就能把長句「瘦身」成短句,快速掌握句意。
3.1 形容詞修飾名詞
形容詞 (Adjective) 用來描述名詞的特徵。
位置:
- 名詞前面:a beautiful flower
- be 動詞後面:The flower is beautiful.
常見形容詞: big, small, happy, sad, red, hot, cold, important, interesting…
3.2 副詞修飾動詞/形容詞/副詞
副詞 (Adverb) 可以修飾非常多東西:
| 副詞種類 | 功能 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 修飾動詞 | 怎麼做 | He runs quickly. |
| 修飾形容詞 | 多麼 | She is very smart. |
| 修飾副詞 | 多麼 | He runs really fast. |
| 修飾全句 | 幸運地 | Luckily, no one was hurt. |
-ly 結尾通常是副詞: quickly, slowly, carefully, happily, suddenly…
3.3 介系詞片語 (Prepositional Phrases)
介系詞 + 名詞 = 介系詞片語,用來表示時間、地點、方向等。
常見介系詞: in, on, at, of, for, with, to, from, by, about, between, under, over…
in the morning at school on the table
of the students for three hours with my friends
介系詞片語的功能:
- 當形容詞用:The book on the desk is mine.(修飾 book)
- 當副詞用:We study in the library.(修飾 study)
3.4 子句 (Clauses)
子句是有 S+V 的結構,用來修飾主要子句。
形容詞子句 (Adjective Clause): 用 who/which/that/whom/whose 引導
The man who lives next door is a doctor. (who lives next door 修飾 The man)
副詞子句 (Adverb Clause): 用 because/although/when/if/while/after/before 引導
I stayed home because it was raining. (because it was raining 修飾 stayed home 的原因)
分詞片語 (Participle Phrase): V-ing 或 V-ed 開頭
Walking to school, I saw a rainbow. (= When I was walking to school)
練習:在 10 個句子中圈出修飾語
請在以下句子中,用底線畫出所有修飾語,並標明它是什麼種類。
第 1 題: The little girl in the pink dress is singing happily.
威威解析
- little(形容詞,修飾 girl)
- in the pink dress(介系詞片語,修飾 girl)
- happily(副詞,修飾 singing)
核心句:The girl is singing. 小女孩在唱歌。
第 2 題: My father carefully opened the old wooden box from the attic.
威威解析
- carefully(副詞,修飾 opened)
- old(形容詞,修飾 box)
- wooden(形容詞,修飾 box)
- from the attic(介系詞片語,修飾 box)
核心句:My father opened the box. 我爸爸打開了那個箱子。
第 3 題: The students who finished the test early were allowed to leave.
威威解析
- who finished the test early(形容詞子句,修飾 students)
- early(副詞,修飾 finished)
核心句:The students were allowed to leave. 學生們被允許離開。
第 4 題: Although she was very tired, she continued working on the project.
威威解析
- Although she was very tired(副詞子句,修飾主要子句)
- very(副詞,修飾 tired)
- on the project(介系詞片語,修飾 working)
核心句:She continued working. 她繼續工作。
第 5 題: The young man wearing glasses standing near the door is our new teacher.
威威解析
- young(形容詞,修飾 man)
- wearing glasses(分詞片語,修飾 man)
- standing near the door(分詞片語,修飾 man)
- new(形容詞,修飾 teacher)
核心句:The man is our teacher. 那個男人是我們的老師。
第 6 題: Surprisingly, the small restaurant on the corner serves really delicious food.
威威解析
- Surprisingly(副詞,修飾全句)
- small(形容詞,修飾 restaurant)
- on the corner(介系詞片語,修飾 restaurant)
- really(副詞,修飾 delicious)
- delicious(形容詞,修飾 food)
核心句:The restaurant serves food. 那家餐廳供應食物。
第 7 題: I bought a book about ancient history written by a famous professor.
威威解析
- about ancient history(介系詞片語,修飾 book)
- ancient(形容詞,修飾 history)
- written by a famous professor(分詞片語,修飾 book)
- famous(形容詞,修飾 professor)
核心句:I bought a book. 我買了一本書。
第 8 題: Because of the heavy rain, we decided to cancel the outdoor concert scheduled for tonight.
威威解析
- Because of the heavy rain(介系詞片語,當副詞用)
- heavy(形容詞,修飾 rain)
- outdoor(形容詞,修飾 concert)
- scheduled for tonight(分詞片語,修飾 concert)
核心句:We decided to cancel the concert. 我們決定取消音樂會。
第 9 題: The woman whom I met at the party last night called me this morning.
威威解析
- whom I met at the party last night(形容詞子句,修飾 woman)
- at the party(介系詞片語,修飾 met)
- last night(副詞片語,修飾 met)
- this morning(副詞片語,修飾 called)
核心句:The woman called me. 那個女人打電話給我。
第 10 題: Walking through the quiet park after dinner, the old couple enjoyed the cool evening breeze.
威威解析
- Walking through the quiet park after dinner(分詞片語,修飾 couple)
- through the quiet park(介系詞片語,修飾 Walking)
- quiet(形容詞,修飾 park)
- after dinner(介系詞片語,修飾 Walking)
- old(形容詞,修飾 couple)
- cool(形容詞,修飾 breeze)
- evening(形容詞,修飾 breeze)
核心句:The couple enjoyed the breeze. 那對夫婦享受著微風。
Section 4:連接詞和子句層次 (Conjunctions and Clause Levels)
4.1 對等連接詞:連接平行結構
and / but / or / so / for / yet / nor
這些連接詞連接兩個地位相等的元素(字、片語、或子句)。
I like apples and oranges.(連接兩個名詞) She is smart but lazy.(連接兩個形容詞) He studied hard, so he passed the test.(連接兩個子句)
4.2 從屬連接詞:引導副詞子句
| 連接詞 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| because | 因為 | I stayed home because I was sick. |
| although / though | 雖然 | Although it rained, we had fun. |
| when / while / before / after | 時間 | When I arrived, the party had started. |
| if / unless | 條件 | If you study, you will pass. |
| since | 自從/既然 | Since you’re here, help me. |
| so…that | 如此…以至於 | He was so tired that he fell asleep. |
4.3 關係代名詞:引導形容詞子句
| 關係代名詞 | 先行詞 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | The girl who sits next to me is kind. |
| whom | 人(受格) | The man whom I met is a doctor. |
| which | 物/動物 | The book which I read was great. |
| that | 人/物 | The car that he bought is red. |
| whose | 所有格 | The boy whose dog is lost is crying. |
4.4 that 引導名詞子句
that 也可以引導名詞子句,當作主詞或受詞使用:
That the earth is round is a fact.(當主詞) I know that she is honest.(當受詞)
5 個複合句的層次分析
分析 1
The teacher who teaches us English is very kind, so all the students love her.
| 層次 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 主要子句 1 | The teacher is very kind |
| 形容詞子句 | who teaches us English(修飾 teacher) |
| 對等連接詞 | so |
| 主要子句 2 | all the students love her |
分析 2
Although the exam was difficult, the students who had studied hard did well.
| 層次 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 副詞子句 | Although the exam was difficult |
| 主要子句 | the students did well |
| 形容詞子句 | who had studied hard(修飾 students) |
分析 3
When I got home, I realized that I had left my keys at the office.
| 層次 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 副詞子句 | When I got home |
| 主要子句 | I realized [something] |
| 名詞子句 | that I had left my keys at the office(當 realized 的受詞) |
分析 4
The boy whose father is a doctor wants to become a scientist because he loves science.
| 層次 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 主要子句 | The boy wants to become a scientist |
| 形容詞子句 | whose father is a doctor(修飾 boy) |
| 副詞子句 | because he loves science(修飾 wants) |
分析 5
I believe that the book which I bought yesterday is the best one that I have ever read.
| 層次 | 分析 |
|---|---|
| 主要子句 | I believe [something] |
| 名詞子句 | that the book is the best one(believe 的受詞) |
| 形容詞子句 1 | which I bought yesterday(修飾 book) |
| 形容詞子句 2 | that I have ever read(修飾 one) |
Section 5:10 個句子解碼練習
請對以下每個句子完成四個任務:
- 找 SVO
- 圈出修飾語
- 標出子句(如果有)
- 翻譯成中文
第 1 題: The little dog ran quickly across the busy street.
威威解析
- SVO: The dog (S) + ran (V) —— 不及物動詞,無受詞
- 修飾語: little(adj),quickly(adv),across the busy street(介系詞片語)
- 子句: 無(簡單句)
- 翻譯: 小狗快速地跑過繁忙的街道。
第 2 題: My mother made a delicious cake for my birthday.
威威解析
- SVO: My mother (S) + made (V) + a cake (O)
- 修飾語: delicious(adj),for my birthday(介系詞片語)
- 子句: 無(簡單句)
- 翻譯: 我媽媽為我的生日做了一個好吃的蛋糕。
第 3 題: The girl wearing the blue jacket is my classmate.
威威解析
- SVO: The girl (S) + is (V) + my classmate (C)
- 修飾語: wearing the blue jacket(分詞片語),blue(adj)
- 子句: 無(簡單句,分詞片語不是子句)
- 翻譯: 穿著藍色外套的那個女生是我的同學。
第 4 題: We should finish the project before the deadline arrives.
威威解析
- SVO: We (S) + should finish (V) + the project (O)
- 修飾語: before the deadline arrives(副詞子句)
- 子句: 主要子句 + 副詞子句(before 引導)
- 翻譯: 我們應該在截止日期到來之前完成這個專案。
第 5 題: The restaurant that opened last week near our school is already very popular.
威威解析
- SVO: The restaurant (S) + is (V) + popular (C)
- 修飾語: already(adv),very(adv),near our school(介系詞片語)
- 子句: that opened last week(形容詞子句,修飾 restaurant)
- 翻譯: 上週在我們學校附近開的那家餐廳已經非常受歡迎了。
第 6 題: Although the weather was terrible, we still enjoyed the trip because the food was amazing.
威威解析
- SVO: we (S) + enjoyed (V) + the trip (O)
- 修飾語: still(adv),amazing(adj),terrible(adj)
- 子句:
- 副詞子句 1:Although the weather was terrible
- 副詞子句 2:because the food was amazing
- 翻譯: 雖然天氣很糟,我們仍然享受這趟旅行,因為食物太棒了。
第 7 題: The scientist who discovered the new medicine has received many awards since she published her research.
威威解析
- SVO: The scientist (S) + has received (V) + many awards (O)
- 修飾語: new(adj),many(adj)
- 子句:
- 形容詞子句:who discovered the new medicine(修飾 scientist)
- 副詞子句:since she published her research
- 翻譯: 發現那種新藥的科學家自從發表了她的研究後,已經獲得了許多獎項。
第 8 題: Not only did she finish the report on time, but she also helped her colleagues with their work.
威威解析
- SVO:
- 子句 1:she (S) + finish (V) + the report (O)
- 子句 2:she (S) + helped (V) + her colleagues (O)
- 修飾語: on time(介系詞片語),also(adv),with their work(介系詞片語)
- 子句: Not only…but also… 連接兩個對等子句(Not only 倒裝)
- 翻譯: 她不但準時完成了報告,還幫同事做他們的工作。
第 9 題: The fact that the earth revolves around the sun was not widely accepted in ancient times.
威威解析
- SVO: The fact (S) + was not accepted (V) —— 被動語態
- 修飾語: widely(adv),in ancient times(介系詞片語)
- 子句: that the earth revolves around the sun(名詞子句,當 fact 的同位語)
- 翻譯: 地球繞著太陽轉這個事實在古代並不被廣泛接受。
第 10 題: Whoever finishes the test first can leave the classroom without waiting for the bell.
威威解析
- SVO: Whoever finishes the test first (S) + can leave (V) + the classroom (O)
- 修飾語: first(adv),without waiting for the bell(介系詞片語)
- 子句: Whoever finishes the test first(名詞子句,當主詞)
- 翻譯: 任何最先完成考試的人可以不用等鐘聲就離開教室。
Section 6:10 個實戰句子
以下句子的風格和難度模擬國中會考/學測閱讀測驗中常出現的句子。每題有三個小題。
實戰第 1 題
The discovery of penicillin, which was made by Alexander Fleming in 1928, changed the world of medicine forever.
1-a. 請找出本句的主詞和主要動詞。 1-b. “which was made by Alexander Fleming in 1928” 是什麼子句?修飾什麼? 1-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
1-a. 主詞:The discovery of penicillin;動詞:changed 1-b. 形容詞子句,修飾 “penicillin”(也有人認為修飾 “discovery”,但根據句意應是修飾 “discovery” —— 青黴素的發現是由 Fleming 做的) 1-c. 1928 年由亞歷山大·弗萊明所發現的青黴素,永遠改變了醫學界。
實戰第 2 題
Despite the warnings from environmental scientists, the government continued to allow factories to release harmful chemicals into the river.
2-a. 請找出 SVO。 2-b. “Despite the warnings from environmental scientists” 在句中扮演什麼角色? 2-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
2-a. S:the government;V:continued;O:to allow factories to release harmful chemicals into the river 2-b. 介系詞片語,當副詞用,表示讓步(儘管)。 2-c. 儘管環境科學家提出了警告,政府仍持續允許工廠將有害化學物質排放到河裡。
實戰第 3 題
It wasn’t until she arrived home that she realized she had left her phone at the coffee shop.
3-a. 請問本句使用什麼特殊句型? 3-b. 請找出三個動詞,並說明分別是什麼時態。 3-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
3-a. It was not until…that…(直到…才…)的強調句型。 3-b. arrived(過去式)、realized(過去式)、had left(過去完成式,表示在 realized 之前發生) 3-c. 她直到回到家才發現自己把手機留在咖啡店了。
實戰第 4 題
The reason why many teenagers prefer online shopping to visiting physical stores is that it offers greater convenience and lower prices.
4-a. 請找出主詞和動詞。 4-b. 本句包含幾個子句?請一一列出。 4-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
4-a. 主詞:The reason(why many teenagers prefer online shopping to visiting physical stores 是形容詞子句修飾 reason);動詞:is 4-b. 三個子句:
- 主要子句:The reason is [that…]
- 形容詞子句:why many teenagers prefer online shopping to visiting physical stores
- 名詞子句:that it offers greater convenience and lower prices(當補語) 4-c. 許多青少年偏好網購勝過去實體店面的原因是,網購提供更大的便利性和更低的價格。
實戰第 5 題
Had the researchers known about the side effects earlier, they would have redesigned the experiment.
5-a. 請問 “Had the researchers known” 是什麼句型的變化? 5-b. 請找出本句的假設條件和假設結果。 5-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
5-a. 這是與過去事實相反的假設語氣倒裝句。原句為 If the researchers had known…,省略 if 後將 Had 倒裝到主詞前面。 5-b. 假設條件:Had the researchers known about the side effects earlier;假設結果:they would have redesigned the experiment. 5-c. 如果研究人員早知道那些副作用的話,他們就會重新設計實驗了。
實戰第 6 題
The more time students spend on social media, the less likely they are to complete their homework on time.
6-a. 請問本句使用什麼句型? 6-b. “the less likely they are to complete…” 的 S+V 是什麼? 6-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
6-a. The + 比較級…, the + 比較級…(越…就越…)的句型。 6-b. S:they;V:are;C:likely to complete their homework on time 6-c. 學生花在社交媒體上的時間越多,就越不可能準時完成作業。
實戰第 7 題
What surprised everyone at the meeting was not the proposal itself but the fact that it came from the newest employee.
7-a. 請問 “What surprised everyone at the meeting” 在句中扮演什麼角色? 7-b. “that it came from the newest employee” 是什麼子句? 7-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
7-a. 名詞子句,當主詞。 7-b. 名詞子句,當 fact 的同位語 (appositive),用來具體說明 fact 的內容。 7-c. 讓會議中所有人驚訝的不是提案本身,而是它來自最新員工這個事實。
實戰第 8 題
The old man, sitting alone on the bench in the park, watched the children playing happily on the playground.
8-a. 請找出 S+V+O。 8-b. 請列出所有修飾語及其種類。 8-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
8-a. S:The old man;V:watched;O:the children 8-b. sitting alone on the bench in the park(分詞片語,修飾 man)、playing happily on the playground(分詞片語,修飾 children) 8-c. 獨自坐在公園長椅上的老人,看著在遊樂場開心玩耍的孩子們。
實戰第 9 題
Only when we understand the problem can we begin to look for an effective solution.
9-a. 請問本句為什麼 can 放在 we 前面? 9-b. 請問 “Only when we understand the problem” 是什麼子句? 9-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
9-a. 因為 “Only + 副詞子句” 放句首時,主要子句需要倒裝 (inversion)。正常語序為 we can begin… 9-b. 副詞子句,修飾主要子句的條件。 9-c. 只有當我們了解問題時,我們才能開始尋找有效的解決方案。
實戰第 10 題
The invention of the smartphone, which combines the functions of a phone, a camera, and a computer, has completely transformed how people communicate with each other.
10-a. 請找出主詞和動詞。 10-b. 請問 “how people communicate with each other” 在句中是什麼成分? 10-c. 請翻譯整句。
威威解析
10-a. 主詞:The invention of the smartphone;動詞:has transformed 10-b. 名詞子句,當 has transformed 的受詞。 10-c. 結合了電話、相機和電腦功能的智慧型手機的發明,已經徹底改變了人們彼此溝通的方式。
Section 7:句子解碼總複習 Checklist
在進入下一篇 R02 基礎閱讀-段落理解 之前,請確認你已經掌握:
- 我能在一個句子中快速找到主要動詞
- 我能分辨主詞、受詞、補語
- 我能辨識形容詞、副詞、介系詞片語等修飾語
- 我能判斷一個句子包含幾個子句
- 我能分辨形容詞子句、副詞子句、名詞子句
- 我能把長句「瘦身」成 S+V+O 的核心句
- 我能正確翻譯包含修飾語和子句的長句
恭喜!
如果以上都能打勾,你已經具備了閱讀理解最基礎也最重要的能力——句子解碼。接下來我們要進入段落層次,學習如何理解一整段文字的主旨和結構。
下一課: R02 基礎閱讀-段落理解