威威老師的寫作教室：句子建造 (Sentence Building)
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Next: W02 基礎寫作-段落寫作
Section 1：英文句子的基本元素
1.1 五大基本句型
英文句子的核心是主詞 (Subject) + 動詞 (Verb)。在此基礎上，可以擴展出五種基本句型：
| 句型 | 結構 | 範例 |
|---|---|---|
| S + V | 主詞 + 動詞 | Birds fly. |
| S + V + O | 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 | I eat rice. |
| S + V + C | 主詞 + 動詞 + 補語 | She is happy. |
| S + V + O + O | 主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞 | He gave me a book. |
| S + V + O + C | 主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + 補語 | We call him a genius. |
1.2 句型詳解與範例
句型 1：S + V（主詞 + 不及物動詞）
這是最簡單的英文句子，只需要一個主詞和一個動詞。
- The sun rises.
- She sleeps.
- They arrived.
- It rained.
句型 2：S + V + O（主詞 + 及物動詞 + 受詞）
動詞後面需要接受詞才能表達完整意思。
- I love music.
- She reads books.
- We study English.
- He plays basketball.
句型 3：S + V + C（主詞 + 連綴動詞 + 補語）
連綴動詞 (Linking Verb) 後面接補語，用來描述主詞。
常見連綴動詞：is, am, are, was, were, seem, look, feel, taste, smell, sound, become, grow, turn
- She is a teacher.
- The soup tastes delicious.
- He looks tired.
- The weather became cold.
句型 4：S + V + O + O（主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞）
兩個受詞：間接受詞（通常是人）+ 直接受詞（通常是物）。
- She gave me a present.
- He told us a story.
- I bought my mother flowers.
- They sent him an email.
句型 5：S + V + O + C（主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + 受詞補語）
受詞後面還有一個補語來補充說明受詞的狀態。
- We elected him president.
- The news made her sad.
- I painted the door blue.
- They named the dog Lucky.
1.3 句型辨識練習
判斷下列句子屬於哪種句型：
- The baby cried. → _______
- My father bought me a bicycle. → _______
- The music sounds beautiful. → _______
- She wrote a letter. → _______
- Everyone considers him a hero. → _______
Section 2：擴充句子的方法
基本句型是骨架，我們可以加入各種修飾語 (Modifiers) 讓句子更豐富。
2.1 加入時間 (When)
基本句： I eat breakfast. 加時間： I eat breakfast at 7 o’clock. 再加： I eat breakfast at 7 o’clock every morning. 再加： I eat breakfast at 7 o’clock every morning before school.
常見時間表達：
- at + 時刻：at 8 a.m., at noon, at midnight
- on + 日期/星期：on Monday, on July 4th
- in + 月/年/季節：in January, in 2025, in summer
- every + 時間：every day, every week, every month
2.2 加入地點 (Where)
基本句： We study English. 加地點： We study English in the classroom. 再加： We study English in the classroom at school.
常見地點表達：
- in + 大地方：in Taipei, in Taiwan, in the room
- at + 小地方/特定地點：at school, at home, at the station
- on + 表面/街道：on the desk, on Main Street
2.3 加入原因 (Why)
基本句： She studies hard. 加原因： She studies hard because she wants to pass the exam. 其他原因表達：
- She studies hard to get good grades. (不定詞表目的)
- She studies hard so that she can enter a good university. (so that 子句)
2.4 加入方式 (How)
基本句： He speaks English. 加方式： He speaks English fluently. 再加： He speaks English fluently with confidence. 再加： He speaks English fluently with confidence in every class.
常見方式表達：
- 副詞：quickly, slowly, carefully, happily
- with + 名詞：with a smile, with passion, with care
- by + V-ing：by practicing every day
2.5 擴充練習
將以下基本句逐步擴充：
練習 A： “I run.” → Step 1（加時間）：_______ → Step 2（加地點）：_______ → Step 3（加原因）：_______ → Step 4（加方式）：_______
範例答案：
- Step 1: I run every morning.
- Step 2: I run every morning in the park.
- Step 3: I run every morning in the park because I want to stay healthy.
- Step 4: I run every morning in the park slowly and steadily because I want to stay healthy.
練習 B： “She reads books.” → 擴充為至少 15 字的完整句：_______
練習 C： “They play soccer.” → 擴充為至少 15 字的完整句：_______
Section 3：連接句子的方法
3.1 對等連接詞 (Coordinating Conjunctions)
用 FANBOYS 來記憶七個對等連接詞：
| 連接詞 | 功能 | 範例 |
|---|---|---|
| For | 因為 | I stayed home, for it was raining. |
| And | 和/而且 | She likes tea and coffee. |
| Nor | 也不 | He doesn’t sing, nor does he dance. |
| But | 但是 | I want to go, but I am busy. |
| Or | 或者 | You can stay or leave. |
| Yet | 然而 | She was tired, yet she continued. |
| So | 所以 | It was late, so I went home. |
注意： 用 對等連接詞 連接兩個 獨立子句 時，連接詞前面要加逗號。
3.2 從屬連接詞 (Subordinating Conjunctions)
用來引導副詞子句 (Adverbial Clause)：
| 類型 | 連接詞 | 範例 |
|---|---|---|
| 時間 | when, while, before, after, until, since | I will call you when I arrive. |
| 原因 | because, since, as | She cried because she was sad. |
| 條件 | if, unless, provided that | If it rains, we will stay home. |
| 讓步 | although, though, even though | Although he was tired, he kept working. |
| 目的 | so that, in order that | Study hard so that you can succeed. |
注意： 副詞子句放在句首時，後面要加逗號。
3.3 用分詞構句連接
當兩個句子的主詞相同時，可以用分詞構句來精簡表達：
原句： She walked into the room. She saw a strange man. 分詞構句： Walking into the room, she saw a strange man.
原句： He was exhausted from work. He fell asleep immediately. 分詞構句： Exhausted from work, he fell asleep immediately.
3.4 用關係代名詞連接
關係代名詞 (Relative Pronouns) 可以把兩句話合成一句：
原句： I have a friend. She lives in Japan. 合併： I have a friend who lives in Japan.
原句： The book is interesting. I bought it yesterday. 合併： The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.
3.5 連接句子練習
用適當的連接詞合併以下句子：
-
It was raining. I took an umbrella. → _______
-
She studied very hard. She passed the exam. → _______
-
He likes basketball. He doesn’t like baseball. → _______
-
I woke up early. I wanted to watch the sunrise. → _______
-
The restaurant was expensive. The food was delicious. → _______
Section 4：Sentence Construction Exercises (1-20)
Exercise 1-5：句型轉換
Exercise 1： 將 “The cat sat” 擴充為包含時間、地點和方式的句子。
Model Answer: The cat sat quietly on the windowsill every afternoon, watching the birds outside.
Exercise 2： 將 “He studies” 擴充為包含原因和方式的句子。
Model Answer: He studies diligently every night because he wants to get into a top university.
Exercise 3： 將以下兩句合併為一句：“I enjoy reading. It helps me relax.”
Model Answer: I enjoy reading because it helps me relax.
Exercise 4： 將以下兩句用 分詞構句 合併：“She finished her homework. She went out to play.”
Model Answer: Having finished her homework, she went out to play.
Exercise 5： 將以下兩句用 關係代名詞 合併：“The teacher is very kind. She teaches us English.”
Model Answer: The teacher who teaches us English is very kind.
Exercise 6-10：根據提示造句
Exercise 6： 用 S+V+O+C 造一個關於你的朋友的句子。
Model Answer: My friends consider me a loyal companion.
Exercise 7： 用 S+V+O+O 造一個關於送禮物的句子。
Model Answer: My grandmother gave me a beautiful watch for my birthday.
Exercise 8： 用 “although” 造一個讓步子句。
Model Answer: Although the test was difficult, most students managed to pass.
Exercise 9： 用 “so…that” 造一個結果子句。
Model Answer: The movie was so exciting that I watched it twice.
Exercise 10： 用 “not only…but also” 造一個並列句。
Model Answer: She not only speaks English fluently but also writes it perfectly.
Exercise 11-15：改錯練習
找出並改正以下句子的錯誤：
Exercise 11： “She don’t like coffee.”
Correction: She doesn’t like coffee.（第三人稱單數用 doesn’t）
Exercise 12： “He go to school by bus every day.”
Correction: He goes to school by bus every day.（第三人稱單數加 s）
Exercise 13： “I am agree with you.”
Correction: I agree with you.（agree 是動詞，不需要 be 動詞）
Exercise 14： “Although she was tired, but she kept working.”
Correction: Although she was tired, she kept working.（although 和 but 不能同時使用）
Exercise 15： “The book who I bought is very good.”
Correction: The book which I bought is very good.（事物用 which/that，不用 who）
Exercise 16-20：中翻英練習
Exercise 16： 我每天早上六點起床去上學。
Model Answer: I get up at six every morning to go to school.
Exercise 17： 雖然天氣很冷，我們還是去爬山了。
Model Answer: Although the weather was very cold, we still went hiking.
Exercise 18： 他花了一整天的時間才完成這份報告。
Model Answer: It took him a whole day to finish this report.
Exercise 19： 這是我看過最有趣的電影。
Model Answer: This is the most interesting movie I have ever seen.
Exercise 20： 如果明天不下雨，我們就去野餐。
Model Answer: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
Answer Key
1.3 句型辨識
- S + V
- S + V + O + O
- S + V + C
- S + V + O
- S + V + O + C
3.5 連接句子
- Because it was raining, I took an umbrella. / It was raining, so I took an umbrella.
- She studied very hard, so she passed the exam. / Because she studied very hard, she passed the exam.
- He likes basketball, but he doesn’t like baseball.
- I woke up early because I wanted to watch the sunrise. / I woke up early so that I could watch the sunrise.
- The restaurant was expensive, but the food was delicious. / Although the restaurant was expensive, the food was delicious.
句子建造要訣
- 先確定主詞和動詞（句子的骨架）
- 選擇正確的句型
- 逐步加入修飾語（時間→地點→原因→方式）
- 注意 時態 一致
- 檢查 主謂一致
- 用 連接詞 把短句合成 長句
- 每個句子只包含一個主要想法
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Next: W02 基礎寫作-段落寫作