威威老師的寫作教室：英文摘要寫作 (Summary Writing for GSAT)
導航
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Section 1：Summary Writing Steps
1.1 什麼是摘要寫作？
摘要寫作 (Summary Writing) 是學測作文的第一部分。考生需要閱讀一篇英文文章，然後用自己的話寫出文章的摘要。
要求：
- 字數：通常 40-80 字
- 必須涵蓋文章要點
- 用自己的話改寫 (paraphrase)
- 不可抄襲原句
1.2 五步摘要法
Step 1: Read（閱讀） → 仔細閱讀原文，理解大意
Step 2: Underline（畫線） → 標記關鍵要點（main points）
Step 3: Paraphrase（改寫） → 用自己的話重新表達
Step 4: Organize（組織） → 按邏輯順序排列要點
Step 5: Write（撰寫） → 寫出簡潔流暢的摘要
1.3 各步驟詳解
Step 1：Read（閱讀）
- 先快速略讀 (skim) 全文，掌握主題
- 再精讀 (careful read)，理解每段要點
- 問自己：這篇文章的主要信息是什麼？
Step 2：Underline（畫線）
- 畫出每段的主旨句（通常是首句或末句）
- 畫出關鍵支持細節
- 忽略舉例、引用、重複內容
Step 3：Paraphrase（改寫）
- 用同義詞替換
- 改變句子結構
- 簡化長句
Step 4：Organize（組織）
- 用連接詞串聯各要點
- 按原文順序或重要性排列
- 確保邏輯通順
Step 5：Write（撰寫）
- 控制字數
- 使用第三人和客觀語氣
- 不加入個人觀點
Section 2：Paraphrasing Techniques
2.1 Synonym Replacement（同義詞替換）
| 原文用詞 | 替換詞 |
|---|---|
| important | significant, crucial, essential |
| show | demonstrate, indicate, reveal |
| problem | issue, challenge, difficulty |
| help | assist, aid, facilitate |
| because of | due to, owing to, as a result of |
| many | numerous, a large number of, considerable |
| big | large, significant, substantial |
| use | utilize, employ, make use of |
2.2 Change Structure（改變句構）
方法 1：主動↔被動
原文：Researchers found that exercise improves memory. 改寫：It was found by researchers that memory can be improved through exercise.
方法 2：合併句子
原文：Air pollution is getting worse. It causes many health problems. 改寫：The worsening air pollution causes many health problems.
方法 3：改變詞性
原文：The government made a decision to reduce carbon emissions. 改寫：The government decided to reduce carbon emissions.
方法 4：簡化從屬子句
原文：The study, which was conducted over a period of five years, found that meditation reduces stress. 改寫：A five-year study found that meditation reduces stress.
2.3 Simplify（簡化）
原則： 去除冗餘，保留核心信息。
| 冗長 | 簡潔 |
|---|---|
| due to the fact that | because |
| in the event that | if |
| at this point in time | now |
| has the ability to | can |
| a large number of | many |
| in order to | to |
Section 3：Summary Writing Exercises
Exercise 1
Original Passage:
Sleep is essential for physical and mental health, yet millions of people around the world do not get enough of it. According to the World Health Organization, adults should aim for seven to nine hours of sleep per night. However, studies show that nearly one-third of adults regularly sleep less than six hours. The consequences of sleep deprivation are serious: it weakens the immune system, impairs memory and concentration, and increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Experts recommend maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine in the afternoon, and limiting screen time before bed to improve sleep quality.
Key Points:
- Many people do not get enough sleep
- Adults need 7-9 hours
- Sleep deprivation has serious health consequences
- Experts suggest ways to improve sleep
Model Summary (52 words):
Despite the importance of sleep for health, many adults fail to get the recommended seven to nine hours per night. Insufficient sleep can lead to weakened immunity, poor concentration, and increased risk of serious diseases. To improve sleep quality, experts suggest maintaining regular schedules and reducing screen time before bed.
Exercise 2
Original Passage:
Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. Every year, approximately eight million tons of plastic waste enters the world’s oceans, harming marine life and contaminating the food chain. Sea turtles, whales, and seabirds frequently mistake plastic debris for food, leading to injury and death. In response, many countries have implemented bans on single-use plastics such as straws, bags, and utensils. Individual actions also matter: reducing plastic consumption, recycling properly, and choosing reusable products can all make a difference. Scientists warn that without significant changes, the amount of plastic in the ocean could triple by 2050.
Key Points:
- Plastic pollution is a major environmental problem
- Millions of tons enter oceans, harming marine life
- Countries are banning single-use plastics
- Individual actions can help
- Without action, the problem will worsen significantly
Model Summary (56 words):
Plastic pollution poses a severe threat to marine ecosystems, with millions of tons of waste entering the oceans annually and harming wildlife. While some countries have banned single-use plastics, individuals can also help by reducing consumption and recycling. Scientists warn that without immediate action, ocean plastic could triple by 2050.
Exercise 3
Original Passage:
The concept of lifelong learning has gained increasing attention in recent years as technological advances rapidly transform the job market. Many jobs that exist today will likely be automated within the next two decades, while new positions requiring different skills will emerge. Workers who fail to update their skills risk becoming unemployed. Governments and organizations around the world are responding by offering adult education programs, online courses, and professional development opportunities. Countries such as Singapore and Denmark have invested heavily in programs that allow workers to retrain and learn new skills throughout their careers. The message is clear: in the 21st century, learning does not end with graduation — it is a lifelong necessity.
Key Points:
- Technology is transforming the job market rapidly
- Many current jobs will be automated
- Workers need to continuously update skills
- Governments offer retraining programs
- Lifelong learning is now essential
Model Summary (55 words):
As technology reshapes the job market and threatens to automate many existing positions, lifelong learning has become essential for workers to remain employable. Governments worldwide are responding with adult education and retraining programs. In today’s rapidly changing world, learning must continue well beyond formal education.
Exercise 4
Original Passage:
Volunteering benefits not only the communities being served but also the volunteers themselves. Studies have shown that people who volunteer regularly experience lower levels of stress and depression, greater life satisfaction, and even improved physical health. Volunteering provides opportunities to develop new skills, build social connections, and gain a sense of purpose. For young people, volunteer work can enhance college applications and resumes, demonstrating qualities such as responsibility, empathy, and leadership. For older adults, volunteering helps combat loneliness and keeps the mind active. Despite these benefits, many people cite lack of time as the main barrier to volunteering. Experts suggest starting small — even a few hours per month can make a meaningful difference.
Key Points:
- Volunteering benefits both communities and volunteers
- Improves mental and physical health
- Develops skills and social connections
- Helps young people and older adults in different ways
- Time is the main barrier
Model Summary (53 words):
Volunteering offers significant benefits for both individuals and communities. Regular volunteers report better mental and physical health, stronger social connections, and a greater sense of purpose. While young people gain valuable skills and experience, older adults benefit from reduced loneliness. Despite time constraints, even small commitments can be meaningful.
Exercise 5
Original Passage:
The tradition of afternoon tea originated in England in the early 1840s, when Anna Maria Russell, the Duchess of Bedford, began requesting tea and light refreshments in the late afternoon to bridge the long gap between lunch and dinner. The practice quickly spread among the upper class and became a fashionable social occasion. Over time, afternoon tea evolved from a simple snack into an elaborate affair featuring finger sandwiches, scones with clotted cream and jam, and an assortment of delicate pastries. Today, afternoon tea remains a beloved British tradition, enjoyed by people of all social backgrounds. Hotels and tea rooms across the country serve formal afternoon teas, while many people continue the simpler custom of enjoying a cup of tea and a biscuit in the afternoon. The tradition has also spread internationally, with tea rooms and hotels around the world offering their own versions of the British afternoon tea experience.
Key Points:
- Afternoon tea began in 1840s England with the Duchess of Bedford
- It started as a snack between meals
- Evolved into a social occasion with elaborate food
- Remains popular today in Britain and internationally
Model Summary (51 words):
Originating in 1840s England with the Duchess of Bedford, afternoon tea began as a light snack between meals and evolved into an elegant social event featuring sandwiches, scones, and pastries. Today, this beloved tradition continues both in Britain and around the world, ranging from formal hotel services to simple home customs.
Answer Key & Evaluation
評分標準提醒
| 項目 | 滿分標準 |
|---|---|
| 內容 | 涵蓋所有要點，無遺漏 |
| 改寫 | 有效使用同義詞和句構變化，非抄襲 |
| 組織 | 邏輯順序清晰，過渡詞使用得當 |
| 語法 | 無重大語法錯誤 |
| 字數 | 在規定範圍內 |
常見錯誤提醒
- 抄襲原句： 直接複製原文句子，沒有改寫
- 遺漏要點： 只涵蓋部分重點
- 加入個人意見： 摘要不應包含 “I think” 或 “In my opinion”
- 字數過多或過少： 超出或不足規定字數
- 邏輯混亂： 要點之間缺乏連貫性
摘要寫作要訣
- 閱讀時就開始畫線標記要點
- 改寫時用自己最熟悉的詞彙
- 用過渡詞串聯各要點
- 不要加入原文沒有的內容
- 寫完後檢查字數和語法
- 練習時計時，模擬考試情境
導航
Previous: W04 學測翻譯-核心句型40 | Next: W06 學測作文-英文寫作